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proper motive

Толкование Перевод

1 proper motive

Jur. motif fondé/valide; juste motif

English-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > proper motive
2 juste motif

proper motive

Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > juste motif
3 motif fondé

proper motive

Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > motif fondé
4 valide

proper motive

Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > valide
5 ragione

f reason

( diritto) right

ragione sociale company name

per ragioni di salute for health reasons

aver ragione be right

dare ragione a qualcuno admit that someone is right

a ragione, con ragione rightly

senza ragione for no reason

* * *

ragione s.f.

1 reason: l'età della ragione, the age of discretion: avere l'età della ragione, to reach the age of discretion; avere, riacquistare l'uso della ragione, to have, to regain the use of one's reason; agire contro ragione, to act irrationally; ricondurre qlcu. alla ragione, to make s.o. see sense; ascoltare la voce della ragione, to listen to the voice of reason; perdere il lume, l'uso della ragione, to go out of one's mind (o to lose one's wits) // (fil.) ragione pura, pratica, pure, practical reason

2 ( causa, motivo) reason, motive: che ragione può avere avuto per fare ciò?, what motive can he have had for doing that?; dimmi la ragione per la quale l'hai fatto, tell me your reason for doing it; ho qualche ragione di temerlo, I have (good) reason to fear him; non c'è ragione di pensarlo, there is no reason to think so (o there are no grounds for thinking so); non è una ( buona) ragione, that is no reason (o excuse); non so la ragione di tutto ciò, I do not know the reason for all that; chiedere la ragione di un'azione, to ask the reason for an action; non lo voglio vedere per nessuna ragione, I don't want to see him for any reason (o on no account do I want to see him) // ragione di essere, reason for existence (o raison d'être o justification): il suo sospetto non aveva più ragione d'essere, her suspicion was no longer justified (o she no longer had any reason to be suspicious) // ragione di più, all the more reason: è una ragione di più per licenziarlo, that's another reason for dismissing him // ragione per cui, that's why: ragione per cui sarebbe meglio parlargli, that's why it would be better to speak to him // ragioni di famiglia, family reasons // assente per ragioni di salute, absent on the ground of ill health (o for reasons of ill health) // la foto non può essere pubblicata per ragioni di spazio, the photo can't be published because of lack of space // dare, rendere ragione di qlco., to give reasons for sthg. // non so rendermi ragione di ciò che ho fatto, I cannot explain why I did it; non so rendermi ragione di tutto ciò, I cannot understand the reason for all that // farsi una ragione di qlco., ( rassegnarsi) to resign oneself (o to accept the inevitable) // (fil.) ragione ultima delle cose, the first cause of things

3 ( argomentazione, prova) reason, justification: addurre le proprie ragioni, to put forward one's reasons; intendere, sentir ragione, to listen to reason: ho cercato di convincerlo ma non vuole sentir ragione, I've tried to convince him but he won't listen to reason // a ragion veduta, after due consideration; ( deliberatamente) deliberately // rendere di pubblica ragione, to make public knowledge

4 ( diritto, legittimità) right; reason: ragione e torto, right and wrong; a ragione o a torto, rightly or wrongly; a ragione si preoccupa di ciò, he has good reason to worry about it; ciò mi darà ragione, this will prove (o show) I am right; è dalla parte della ragione, he is in the right; non voleva darmi ragione, he did not want to admit I was right; avere ragione, to be right: ho ragione da vendere, I am absolutely right; ha ragione di sgridarlo, he is right to tell him off (o he has every reason to tell him off); ha mille ragioni per non venire alla festa, he has all the reasons in the world for not coming to the party; far valere le proprie ragioni, to assert one's rights // a ragione, with good reason // a maggior ragione, even more so // aver ragione di qlcu., qlco., to get the better of s.o., sthg. // darle di santa ragione a qlcu., to give s.o. a good beating (o hiding o fam. to tan s.o.'s hide); prenderle di santa ragione, to get a good beating // farsi ragione da sé, to take the law into one's hands // rendere ragione a qlcu., to do justice to s.o. // ricorrere a chi di ragione, to apply to the proper (o right) person // la ragione di Stato, reason of State

5 ( tasso) rate; ( rapporto, proporzione) ratio, proportion: ragione diretta, inversa, direct, inverse ratio; ragione geometrica, geometric ratio; in ragione del 10%, at the rate of 10%; in ragione di tanto ognuno, at the rate of so much a head; distribuire gli utili in ragione del capitale versato, to distribute profits in proportion to the capital paid in

6 (dir. comm.): ragione sociale, style, corporate name, company title, trade name; la ragione sociale di una ditta, the style (o name) of a firm // ragione di scambio, terms of trade.

* * *
[ra'dʒone]
1. sf

1) (facoltà) reason

perdere il lume della ragione — to lose one's reason, take leave of one's senses

2) (motivo) reason, cause, motive, (argomentazione) argument, (diritto) right

avrà le sue buone ragioni per dire di no — he must have his reasons for refusing

non è una buona ragione! — that's no excuse o reason!

ragione di più per fare così — all the more reason for doing so

... ragion per cui sarebbe meglio partire —...that's why it would be better to leave

a maggior ragione dovresti fare qualcosa — all the more reason why you should do something

a o con ragione — with good reason, rightly, justly

senza ragione — for no reason

a torto o a ragione — rightly or wrongly

per ragioni di famiglia — for family reasons

a ragion veduta — after due consideration, (intenzionalmente) deliberately

far valere le proprie ragioni — to assert one's rights

3) Mat proportion, ratio

in ragione di 2 euro per articolo — at the rate of 2 euros per item

4)

(fraseologia) aver ragione (a fare) — to be right (in doing o to do)

sì, hai perfettamente ragione — yes, you're quite right

aver ragione di qn/qc — to get the better of sb/sth

avere ragione da vendere — to be absolutely right, be dead right fam

dare ragione a qn — (sogg : persona) to side with sb, (fatto) to prove sb right

farsi una ragione di qc — to accept sth, come to terms with sth

non sentire ragioni — to refuse to listen to reason

picchiare qn di santa ragione — to give sb a good hiding

2.

- ragione di scambio

- ragione sociale

- ragion d'essere

- ragion di stato

* * *
[ra'dʒone]
sostantivo femminile

1) (razionalità) reason U

età della ragione — age of discretion

ricondurre o riportare qcn. alla ragione to make sb. see reason; fare appello alla ragione — to appeal to people's common sense

2) (causa, motivo) reason

non avere nessuna ragione per — to have no reason to

senza ragione (apparente) — for no (apparent) reason

per una ragione o per l'altra — for some reason or other

per la buona, semplice ragione che — for the (very) good, simple reason that

per nessuna ragione al mondo — for nothing in the world, not for all the tea in China

per -i di salute — for health reasons

la ragione per cui — the reason why

non c'è ragione di preoccuparsi — there is no cause for concern

non vedo la ragione di fare — I don't see the point of doing

avere tutte le -i per fare — to have every reason for doing o to do

avere delle buone -i per pensare che — to have good reasons for thinking that

farsi una ragione di qcs. — to resign oneself to sth.

ragione di più per fare — all the more reason to do

3) (diritto, giusta pretesa)

avere ragione — to be right

avere perfettamente ragione — to be absolutely right

dare ragione a qcn. — to agree with sb.

essere dalla parte della ragione — to be in the right

4) (spiegazione) reason

chiedere (a qcn.) ragione di qcs. — to call (sb.) to account for sth

5) mat. (rapporto) ratio

in ragione del 5% — at the rate of 5%

in ragione diretta, inversa — in direct, inverse ratio o proportion

•

ragion d'essere — reason for existence, raison d'être

ragione sociale — dir. company o corporate name

ragion di stato — pol. reason of state

••

a maggior ragione — all the more reason, even more so

a ragion veduta — after due consideration; (di proposito) deliberately, intentionally

a o con ragione rightly; a torto o a ragione whether mistakenly or not, rightly or wrongly; avere ragione di qcn., qcs. to get the better of sb., sth.; perdere (il lume del)la ragione to lose one's reason o one's mind; darle a qcn. di santa ragione to thrash the living daylights out of sb., to give sb. a good thrashing; prenderle di santa ragione — to get a beating o thrashing

* * *

ragione

/ra'dʒone/

sostantivo f.

1 (razionalità) reason U; età della ragione age of discretion; ricondurre o riportare qcn. alla ragione to make sb. see reason; fare appello alla ragione to appeal to people's common sense

2 (causa, motivo) reason; non avere nessuna ragione per to have no reason to; senza ragione (apparente) for no (apparent) reason; per una ragione o per l'altra for some reason or other; per la buona, semplice ragione che for the (very) good, simple reason that; per nessuna ragione al mondo for nothing in the world, not for all the tea in China; per -i di salute for health reasons; la ragione per cui the reason why; non c'è ragione di preoccuparsi there is no cause for concern; non vedo la ragione di fare I don't see the point of doing; avere tutte le -i per fare to have every reason for doing o to do; avere delle buone -i per pensare che to have good reasons for thinking that; farsi una ragione di qcs. to resign oneself to sth.; ragione di più per fare all the more reason to do

3 (diritto, giusta pretesa) avere ragione to be right; avere perfettamente ragione to be absolutely right; dare ragione a qcn. to agree with sb.; essere dalla parte della ragione to be in the right

4 (spiegazione) reason; chiedere (a qcn.) ragione di qcs. to call (sb.) to account for sth.

5 mat. (rapporto) ratio; in ragione del 5% at the rate of 5%; in ragione diretta, inversa in direct, inverse ratio o proportion

IDIOMS

a maggior ragione all the more reason, even more so; a ragion veduta after due consideration; (di proposito) deliberately, intentionally; a o con ragione rightly; a torto o a ragione whether mistakenly or not, rightly or wrongly; avere ragione di qcn., qcs. to get the better of sb., sth.; perdere (il lume del)la ragione to lose one's reason o one's mind; darle a qcn. di santa ragione to thrash the living daylights out of sb., to give sb. a good thrashing; prenderle di santa ragione to get a beating o thrashing

\

COMPOUNDS

ragion d'essere reason for existence, raison d'être; ragione sociale dir. company o corporate name; ragion di stato pol. reason of state.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > ragione
6 अर्थः _arthḥ

अर्थः [In some of its senses from अर्थ्; in others from ऋ-थन् Uṇ.2.4; अर्थते ह्यसौ अर्थिभिः Nir.]

1 Object, pur- pose, end and aim; wish, desire; ज्ञातार्थो ज्ञातसंबन्धः श्रोतुं श्रोता प्रवर्तते, सिद्ध˚, ˚परिपन्थी Mu.5; ˚वशात् 5.8; स्मर्तव्यो$स्मि सत्यर्थे Dk.117 if it be necessary; Y.2.46; M.4.6; oft. used in this sense as the last member of compounds and translated by 'for', 'intended for', 'for the sake of', 'on account of', 'on behalf of', and used like an adj. to qualify nouns; अर्थेन तु नित्य- समासो विशेष्यनिघ्रता च Vārt.; सन्तानार्थाय विधये R.1.34; तां देवतापित्रतिथिक्रियार्थाम् (धेनुम्) 2.16; द्विजार्था यवागूः Sk.; यज्ञार्थात्कर्मणो$न्यत्र Bg.3.9. It mostly occurs in this sense as अर्थम्, अर्थे or अर्थाय and has an adverbial force; (a) किमर्थम् for what purpose, why; यदर्थम् for whom or which; वेलोपलक्षणार्थम् Ś.4; तद्दर्शनादभूच्छम्भोर्भूयान्दारार्थ- मादरः Ku.6.13; (b) परार्थे प्राज्ञ उत्सृजेत् H.1.41; गवार्थे ब्राह्मणार्थे च Pt.1.42; मदर्थे त्यक्तजीविताः Bg.1.9; (c) सुखार्थाय Pt.4.18; प्रत्याख्याता मया तत्र नलस्यार्थाय देवताः Nala.13.19; ऋतुपर्णस्य चार्थाय 23.9.

-2 Cause, motive, reason, ground, means; अलुप्तश्च मुनेः क्रियार्थः R. 2.55 means or cause; अतो$र्थात् Ms.2.213.

-3 Meaning, sense, signification, import; अर्थ is of 3 kinds:-- वाच्य or expressed, लक्ष्य or indicated (secondary), and व्यङ्ग्य or suggested; तददोषौ शब्दार्थौ K. P.1; अर्थो वाच्यश्च लक्ष्यश्च व्यङ्ग्यश्चेति त्रिधा मतः S. D.2; वागर्थाविव R.1.1; अवेक्ष्य धातोर्गमनार्थमर्थवित् 3.21.

-4 A thing, object, substance; लक्ष्मणो$र्थं ततः श्रुत्वा Rām.7.46.18; अर्थो हि कन्या परकीय एव Ś.4.22; that which can be perceived by the senses, an object of sense; इन्द्रिय˚ H.1.146; Ku.7.71; R.2.51; न निर्बद्धा उपसर्गा अर्थान्निराहुः Nir.; इन्द्रियेभ्यः परा ह्यर्था अर्थेभ्यश्च परं मनः Kaṭh. (the objects of sense are five: रूप, रस, गन्ध, स्पर्श and शब्द); शब्दः स्पर्शो रसो गन्धो रूपं चेत्यर्थजातयः Bhāg.11.22.16.

-5 (a) An affair, business, matter, work; प्राक् प्रतिपन्नो$यमर्थो$- ङ्गराजाय Ve.3; अर्थो$यमर्थान्तरभाव्य एव Ku.3.18; अर्थो$र्था- नुबन्धी Dk.67; सङ्गीतार्थः Me.66 business of singing i. e. musical concert (apparatus of singing); सन्देशार्थाः Me. 5 matters of message, i. e. messages; (b) Interest, object; स्वार्थसाधनतत्परः Ms.4.196; द्वयमेवार्थसाधनम् R.1. 19;2.21; दुरापे$र्थे 1.72; सर्वार्थचिन्तकः Ms.7.121; माल- विकायां न मे कश्चिदर्थः M.3 I have no interest in M. (c) Subject-matter, contents (as of letters &c.); त्वामव- गतार्थं करिष्यति Mu.1 will acquaint you with the matter; उत्तरो$यं लेखार्थः ibid.; तेन हि अस्य गृहीतार्था भवामि V.2 if so I should know its contents; ननु परिगृहीतार्थो$- स्मि कृतो भवता V.5; तया भवतो$विनयमन्तरेण परिगृहीतार्था कृता देवी M.4 made acquainted with; त्वया गृहीतार्थया अत्रभवती कथं न वारिता 3; अगृहीतार्थे आवाम् Ś.6; इति पौरान् गृहीतार्थान् कृत्वा ibid.

-6 Wealth, riches, property, money (said to be of 3 kinds: शुक्ल honestly got; शबल got by more or less doubtful means, and कृष्ण dishonestly got;) त्यागाय संभृतार्थानाम् R.1.7; धिगर्थाः कष्टसंश्रयाः Pt.1.163; अर्थानामर्जने दुःखम् ibid.; सस्यार्थास्तस्य मित्राणि1.3; तेषामर्थे नियुञ्जीत शूरान् दक्षान् कुलोद्गतान् Ms.7.62.

-7 Attainment of riches or worldly prosperity, regarded as one of the four ends of human existence, the other three being धर्म, काम and मोक्ष; with अर्थ and काम, धर्म forms the well-known triad; cf. Ku.5.38; अप्यर्थकामौ तस्यास्तां धर्म एव मनीषिणः R.1.25.

-8 (a) Use, advantage, profit, good; तथा हि सर्वे तस्यासन् परार्थैकफला गुणाः R.1.29 for the good of others; अर्थान- र्थावुभौ बुद्ध्वा Ms.8.24 good and evil; क्षेत्रिणामर्थः 9.52; यावानर्थ उदपाने सर्वतः सांप्लुतोदके Bg.2.46; also व्यर्थ, निरर्थक q. v. (b) Use, want, need, concern, with instr.; को$र्थः पुत्रेण जातेन Pt.1 what is the use of a son being born; कश्च तेनार्थः Dk.59; को$र्थस्तिरश्चां गुणैः Pt.2.33 what do brutes care for merits; Bh.2.48; योग्येनार्थः कस्य न स्याज्ज- नेन Ś.18.66; नैव तस्य कृतेनार्थो नाकृतेनेह कश्चन Bg.3.18; यदि प्राणैरिहार्थो वो निवर्तध्वम् Rām. को नु मे जीवितेनार्थः Nala.12. 65.

-9 Asking, begging; request, suit, petition.

-1 Action, plaint (in law); अर्थ विरागाः पश्यन्ति Rām.2.1. 58; असाक्षिकेषु त्वर्थेषु Ms.8.19.

-11 The actual state, fact of the matter; as in यथार्थ, अर्थतः, ˚तत्वविद्, यदर्थेन विनामुष्य पुंस आत्मविपर्ययः Bhāg.3.7.1.

-12 Manner, kind, sort.

-13 Prevention, warding off; मशकार्थो धूमः; prohibition, abolition (this meaning may also be derived from 1 above).

-14 Price (perhaps an incorrect form for अर्घ).

-15 Fruit, result (फलम्). तस्य नानुभवेदर्थं यस्य हेतोः स रोपितः Rām.6.128.7; Mb.12.175.5.

-16 N. of a son of धर्म.

-17 The second place from the लग्न (in astr.).

-18 N. of Viṣṇu.

-19 The category called अपूर्व (in पूर्वमीमांसा); अर्थ इति अपूर्वं ब्रूमः । ŚB. on MS.7.1.2.

-2 Force (of a statement or an expres- sion); अर्थाच्च सामर्थ्याच्च क्रमो विधीयते । ŚB. on MS.5.1.2. [अर्थात् = by implication].

-21 The need, purpose, sense; व्यवधानादर्थो बलीयान् । ŚB. on MS.6.4.23.

-22 Capacity, power; अर्थाद्वा कल्पनैकदेशत्वात् । Ms.1.4.3 (where Śabara paraphrases अर्थात् by सामर्थ्यात् and states the rule: आख्यातानामर्थं ब्रुवतां शक्तिः सहकारिणी ।), cf. अर्थो$भिधेयरैवस्तुप्रयोजननिवृत्तिषु । मोक्षकारणयोश्च...... Nm.

-Comp. -अतिदेशः Extension (of gender, number &e.) to the objects (as against words), i. e. to treat a single object as though it were many, a female as though it were male. (तन्त्रवार्त्तिक 1.2.58.3;6.3.34.7).

-अधिकारः charge of money, office of treasurer ˚रे न नियोक्तव्यौ H.2.

-अधिकारिन् m. a treasurer, one charged with finan- cial duties, finance minister.

-अनुपपत्तिः f. The difficulty of accounting for or explaining satisfactorily a particular meaning; incongruity of a particular meaning (तन्त्रवार्त्तिक 4.3.42.2).

-अनुयायिन् a. Following the rules (शास्त्र); तत्त्रिकालहितं वाक्यं धर्म्यमर्थानुयायि च Rām.5.51.21.

-अन्वेषणम् inquiry after a matter.

-अन्तरम् 1 another or different meaning.

-2 another cause or motive; अर्थो$यम- र्थान्तरभाव्य एव Ku.3.18.

-3 A new matter or circum- stance, new affair.

-4 opposite or antithetical meaning, difference of meaning. ˚न्यासः a figure of speech in which a general proposition is adduced to support a particular instance, or a particular instance, to support a general proposition; it is an inference from parti- cular to general and vice versa; उक्तिरर्थान्तरन्यासः स्यात् सामान्यविशेषयोः । (1) हनूमानब्धिमतरद् दुष्करं किं महात्मनाम् ॥ (2) गुणवद्वस्तुसंसर्गाद्याति नीचो$पि गौरवम् । पुष्पमालानुषङ्गेण सूत्रं शिरसि धार्यते Kuval.; cf. also K. P.1 and S. D.79. (Ins- tances of this figure abound in Sanskrit literature, especi- ally in the works of Kālidāsa, Māgha and Bhāravi).

-अन्वित a.

1 rich, wealthy.

-2 significant.

-अभिधान a.

1 That whose name is connected with the purpose to be served by it; अर्थाभिधानं प्रयोजनसम्बद्धमभिधानं यस्य, यथा पुरोडाश- कपालमिति पुरोडाशार्थं कपालं पुरोडाशकपालम् । ŚB. on MS.4.1. 26.

-2 Expression or denotation of the desired meaning (वार्त्तिक 3.1.2.5.).

-अर्थिन् a. one who longs for or strives to get wealth or gain any object. अर्थार्थी जीवलोको$यम् । आर्तो जिज्ञासुरर्थार्थी Bg.7.16.

-अलंकरः a figure of speech determined by and dependent on the sense, and not on sound (opp. शब्दालंकार). अलंकारशेखर of केशवमिश्र mentions (verse 29) fourteen types of अर्थालंकारs as follows:- उपमारूपकोत्प्रेक्षाः समासोक्तिरपह्नुतिः । समाहितं स्वभावश्च विरोधः सारदीपकौ ॥ सहोक्तिरन्यदेशत्वं विशेषोक्तिर्विभावना । एवं स्युरर्थालकारा- श्चतुर्दश न चापरे ॥

-आगमः 1 acquisition of wealth, income; ˚गमाय स्यात् Pt.1. cf. also अर्थागमो नित्यमरोगिता च H.

-2 collection of property.

-3 conveying of sense; S. D.737.

-आपत्तिः f. [अर्थस्य अनुक्तार्थस्य आपत्तिः सिद्धिः]

1 an inference from circumstances, presumption, im- plication, one of the five sources of knowledge or modes of proof, according to the Mīmāṁsakas. It is 'deduc- tion of a matter from that which could not else be'; it is 'assumption of a thing, not itself perceived but necessarily implied by another which is seen, heard, or proved'; it is an inference used to account for an apparent inconsistency; as in the familiar instance पीनो देवदत्तो दिवा न भुङ्क्ते the apparent inconsistency between 'fatness' and 'not eating by day' is accounted for by the inference of his 'eating by night'. पीनत्वविशि- ष्टस्य देवदत्तस्य रात्रिभोजित्वरूपार्थस्य शब्दानुक्तस्यापि आपत्तिः. It is defined by Śabara as दृष्टः श्रुतो वार्थो$न्यथा नोपपद्यते इत्यर्थ- कल्पना । यथा जीवति देवदत्ते गृहाभावदर्शनेन बहिर्भावस्यादृष्टस्य कल्पना ॥ Ms.1.1.5. It may be seen from the words दृष्टः and श्रुतः in the above definition, that Śabara has sug- gested two varieties of अर्थापत्ति viz. दृष्टार्थापत्ति and श्रुता- र्थापत्ति. The illustration given by him, however, is of दृष्टार्थापत्ति only. The former i. e. दृष्टार्थापत्ति consists in the presumption of some अदृष्ट अर्थ to account for some दृष्ट अर्थ (or अर्थs) which otherwise becomes inexplicable. The latter, on the other hand, consists in the presump- tion of some अर्थ through अश्रुत शब्द to account for some श्रुत अर्थ (i. e. some statement). This peculiarity of श्रुतार्थापत्ति is clearly stated in the following couplet; यत्र त्वपरिपूर्णस्य वाक्यस्यान्वयसिद्धये । शब्दो$ध्याह्रियते तत्र श्रुतार्थापत्ति- रिष्यते ॥ Mānameyodaya p.129 (ed. by K. Raja, Adyar, 1933). Strictly speaking it is no separate mode of proof; it is only a case of अनुमान and can be proved by a व्यतिरेकव्याप्ति; cf. Tarka. K.17 and S. D.46.

-2 a figure of speech (according to some rhe- toricians) in which a relevant assertion suggests an inference not actually connected with the the subject in hand, or vice versa; it corresponds to what is popularly called कैमुतिकन्याय or दण्डापूपन्याय; e. g. हारो$यं हरिणाक्षीणां लुण्ठति स्तनमण्डले । मुक्तानामप्यवस्थेयं के वयं स्मरकिङ्कराः Amaru.1; अभितप्तमयो$पि मार्दवं भजते कैव कथा शरीरिषु R.8.43.; S. D. thus defines the figure:- दण्डापूपिकन्यायार्थागमो$र्थापत्तिरिष्यते.

-उत्पत्तिः f. acquisition of wealth; so ˚उपार्जनम्.

-उपक्षेपकः an introductory scene (in dramas); अर्थोपक्षेपकाः पञ्च S. D.38. They are विष्कम्भ, चूलिका, अङ्कास्य, अङ्कावतार, प्रवेशक.

-उपमा a simile dependent on sense and not on sound; see under उपमा.

-उपार्जनम् Acquiring wealth.

-उष्मन् m. the glow or warmth of wealth; अर्थोष्मणा विरहितः पुरुषः स एव Bh.2.4.

-ओघः, -राशिः treasure, hoard of money.

-कर (

-री f.),

-कृत a.

1 bringing in wealth, enriching; अर्थकरी च विद्या H. Pr.3.

-2 useful, advan- tageous.

-कर्मन् n.

1 a principal action (opp. गुणकर्मन्).

-2 (as opposed to प्रतिपत्तिकर्मन्), A fruitful act (as opposed to mere disposal or प्रतिपत्ति); अर्थकर्म वा कर्तृ- संयोगात् स्रग्वत् । MS.4.2.17.

-काम a. desirous of wealth. (-˚मौ dual), wealth and (sensual) desire or pleasure; अप्यर्थकामौ तस्यास्तां धर्म एव मनीषिणः R.1.25. ह्रत्वार्थकामास्तु गुरूनिहैव Bg.2.5.

-कार्ष्यम् Poverty. निर्बन्धसंजातरुषार्थकार्घ्यमचिन्तयित्वा गुरुणाहमुक्तः R.5.21.

-काशिन् a. Only apparently of utility (not really).

-किल्बिषिन् a. dishonest in money-matters.

-कृच्छ्रम् 1 a difficult matter.

-2 pecuniary difficulty; व्यसनं वार्थकृच्छ्रे वा Rām.4.7.9; Mb.3.2.19; cf. also Kau. A.1.15 न मुह्येदर्थकृच्छ्रेषु Nīti.

-कृत्यम् doing or execution of a business; अभ्युपेतार्थकृत्याः Me.4.

-कोविद a. Expert in a matter, experienced. उवाच रामो धर्मात्मा पुनरप्यर्थकोविदः Rām.6.4.8.

-क्रमः due order or sequ- ence of purpose.

-क्रिया (a) An implied act, an act which is to be performed as a matter of course (as opposed to शब्दोक्तक्रिया); असति शब्दोक्ते अर्थक्रिया भवति ŚB. on MS.12.1.12. (b) A purposeful action. (see अर्थकर्मन्).

-गत a.

1 based on the sense (as a दोष).

-2 devoid of sense.

-गतिः understanding the sense.

-गुणाः cf. भाविकत्वं सुशब्दत्वं पर्यायोक्तिः सुधर्मिता । चत्वारो$र्थगुणाः प्रोक्ताः परे त्वत्रैव संगताः ॥ अलंकारशेखर 21.

-गृहम् A treasury. Hariv.

-गौरवम् depth of meaning; भारवेरर्थगौरवम् Udb., Ki.2.27.

-घ्न a. (

घ्नी f.) extrava- gant, wasteful, prodigal; सुरापी व्याधिता धूर्ता वन्ध्यार्थघ्न्य- प्रियंवदा Y.1.73; व्याधिता वाधिवेत्तव्या हिंस्रार्थघ्नी च सर्वदा Ms.9.8.

-चित्रम् 'variety in sense', a pun, Kāvya- prakāśa.

-चिन्तक a.

1 thinking of profit.

-2 having charge of affairs; सर्वार्थचिन्तकः Ms.7.121.

-चिन्ता, -चिन्तनम् charge or administration of (royal) affairs; मन्त्री स्यादर्थचिन्तायाम् S. D.

-जात a.

1 full of meaning.

-2 wealthy (जातधन).

(-तम्) 1 a collection of things.

-2 large amount of wealth, considerable property; Dk.63, Ś.6; ददाति च नित्यमर्थजातम् Mk.2.7.

-3 all matters; कवय इव महीपाश्चिन्तयन्त्यर्थजातम् Śi.11.6.

-4 its own meaning; वहन्द्वयीं यद्यफले$र्थजाते Ki.3.48.

-ज्ञ a. knowing the sense or purpose; अर्थज्ञ इत्सकलं भद्रमश्नुते Nir.

-तत्त्वम् 1 the real truth, the fact of the matter; यो$र्थतत्त्वमविज्ञाय क्रोधस्यैव वशं गतः H.4.94.

-2 the real nature or cause of anything.

-द a.

1 yielding wealth; Dk.41.

-2 advantageous, productive of good, useful.

-3 liberal, munificent Ms.2.19.

-4 favour- able, compliant. (

-दः) N. of Kubera.

-दर्शकः 'one who sees law-suits'; a judge.

-दर्शनम् perception of objects; कुरुते दीप इवार्थदर्शनम् Ki.2.33; Dk.155.

-दूषणम् 1 extravagance, waste; H.3.18; Ms.7.48.

-2 unjust seizure of property or withholding what is due.

-3 finding fault with the meaning.

-4 spoiling of another's property.

-दृश् f. Consideration of truth; क्षेमं त्रिलोकगुरुरर्थदृशं च यच्छन् Bhāg.1.86.21.

-दृष्टिः Seeing profit; Bhāg.

-दोषः a literary fault or blemish with regard to the sense, one of the four doṣas or blemishes of literary composition, the other three being परदोष, पदांशदोष, वाक्यदोष; for definitions &c. see K. P.7. अलंकारशेखर of केशवमिश्र who mentions eight types of doṣas as follows: अष्टार्थदोषाः विरस, -ग्राम्य, -व्याहत, -खिन्नताः । -हीना, -धिका, सदृक्साम्यं देशादीनां विरोधि च ॥ 17

-द्वयविधानम् Injunction of two ideas or senses; विधाने चार्थद्वयविधानं दोषः ŚB. on MS.1.8.7.

-नित्य a. = अर्थ- प्रधान Nir.

-निबन्धन a. dependent on wealth.

-निश्चयः determination, decision.

-प्रतिः 1 'the lord of riches', a a king; किंचिद् विहस्यार्थपतिं बभाषे R.2.46;1.59;9.3;18.1; Pt.1.74.

-2 an epithet of Kubera.

-पदम् N. of the Vārt. on Pāṇini; ससूत्रवृत्त्यर्थपदं महार्थं ससंग्रहं सिद्ध्यति वै कपीन्द्रः Rām.7.36.45.

-पर, -लुब्ध a.

1 intent on gaining wealth, greedy of wealth, covetous.

-2 niggardly, parsimonious; हिंस्रा दयालुरपि चार्थपरा वदान्या Bh.2.47; Pt.1.425.

-प्रकृतिः f. the leading source or occasion of the grand object in a drama; (the number of these 'sources' is five:-- बीजं बिन्दुः पताका च प्रकरी कार्यमेव च । अर्थप्रकृतयः पञ्च ज्ञात्वा योज्या यथाविधि S. D.317.)

-प्रयोगः 1 usury.

-2 administration of the affairs (of a state)

-प्राप्त a. derived or understood from the sense included as a matter of course, implied; परिसमाप्तिः शब्दार्थः । परिसमाप्त्यामर्थप्राप्तत्वादारम्भस्य । ŚB. on MS.6.2.13.

-˚त्वम् Inplication.

-बन्धः 1 arrange- ment of words, composition, text; stanza, verse; संचिन्त्य गीतक्षममर्थबन्धम् Ś.7.5; ललितार्थबन्धम् V.2.14 put or expressed in elegant words.

-2. connection (of the soul) with the objects of sense.

-बुद्धि a. selfish.

-बोधः indication of the (real) import.

-भाज् a. entitled to a share in the division of property.

-भावनम् Delibera- tion over a subject (Pātañjala Yogadarśana 1.28).

-भृत् a. receiving high wages (as a servant).

-भेदः distinc- tion or difference of meaning; अर्थभेदेन शब्दभेदः.

-मात्रम्, -त्रा 1 property, wealth; Pt.2.

-2 the whole sense or object.

-युक्त a. significant, full of यस्यार्थयुक्तं meaning; गिरिराजशब्दं कुर्वन्ति Ku.1.13.

-लक्षण a. As determined by the purpose or need (as opposed to शब्दलक्षण); लोके कर्मार्थलक्षणम् Ms.11.1.26.

-लाभः acquisition of wealth.

-लोभः avarice.

-वशः power in the form of discrimination and knowledge. अर्थवशात् सप्तरूपविनिवृत्ताम् Sāvk.65.

-वादः 1 declaration of any purpose.

-2 affirmation, declaratory assertion, an explanatory remark, exegesis; speech or assertion having a certain object; a sentence. (It usually recommends a विधि or precept by stating the good arising from its proper observance, and the evils arising from its omission, and also by adducing historical instances in its support; स्तुतिर्निन्दा परकृतिः पुराकल्प इत्यर्थवादः Gaut. Sūt.; said by Laugākṣi to be of 3 kinds:- गुणवादो विरोधे स्यादनु वादो$वधारिते । भूतार्थवादस्तद्धानादर्थ- वादस्त्रिधा मतः; the last kind includes many varieties.)

-3 one of the six means of finding out the tātparya (real aim and object) of any work.

-4 praise, eulogy; अर्थवाद एषः । दोषं तु मे कंचित्कथय U.1.

-विकरणम् = अर्थ- विक्रिया change of meaning.

-विकल्पः 1 deviation from truth, perversion of fact.

-2 prevarication; also ˚वैकल्प्यम्

-विज्ञानम् comprehending the sense, one of the six exercises of the understanding (धीगुण).

-विद् a. sensible, wise, sagacious. भुङ्क्ते तदपि तच्चान्यो मधुहेवार्थविन्मधु Bhāg.11.18.15. विवक्षतामर्थविदस्तत्क्षणप्रतिसंहृताम् Śi.

-विद्या knowledge of practical life; Mb.7.

-विपत्तिः Failing of an aim; समीक्ष्यतां चार्थविपत्तिमार्गताम् Rām.2.19.4.

-विभावक a. money-giver; विप्रेभ्यो$र्थविभावकः Mb.3.33. 84.

-विप्रकर्षः difficulty in the comprehension of the sense.

-विशेषणम् a reprehensive repetition of something uttered by another; S. D.49.

-वृद्धिः f. accumulation of wealth.

-व्ययः expenditure; ˚ज्ञ a. conversant with money-matters.

-शब्दौ Word and sense.

-शालिन् a. Wealthy.

-शास्त्रम् 1 the science of wealth (political economy).

-2 science of polity, political science, politics; अर्थशास्त्रविशारदं सुधन्वानमुपाध्यायम् Rām.2.1.14. Dk.12; इह खलु अर्थशास्त्रकारास्त्रिविधां सिद्धिमुपवर्णयन्ति Mu.3; ˚व्यवहारिन् one dealing with politics, a politician; Mu.5.

-3 science giving precepts on general conduct, the science of practical life; Pt.1.

-शौचम् purity or honesty in money-matters; सर्वेषां चैव शौचानामर्थशौचं परं स्मृतं Ms. 5.16.

-श्री Great wealth.

-संस्थानम् 1 accumulation of wealth.

-2 treasury.

-संग्रहः, -संचयः accumulation or acquisition of wealth, treasure, property. कोशेनाश्रयणी- यत्वमिति तस्यार्थसंग्रहः R.17.6. कुदेशमासाद्य कुतो$र्थसंचयः H.

-संग्रहः a book on Mīmāṁsā by Laugākṣi Bhāskara.

-सतत्त्वम् truth; किं पुनरत्रार्थसतत्त्वम् । देवा ज्ञातुमर्हन्ति MBh. or P.VIII.3.72.

-समाजः aggregate of causes.

-समाहारः 1 treasure.

-2 acquisition of wealth.

-संपद् f. accomplishment of a desired object; उपेत्य संघर्ष- मिवार्थसंपदः Ki.1.15.

-संपादनम् Carrying out of an affair; Ms.7.168.

-संबन्धः connection of the sense with the word or sentence.

-संबन्धिन् a. Concerned or interested in an affair; Ms.8.64.

-साधक a.

1 accomplishing any object.

-2 bringing any matter to a conclusion.

-सारः considerable wealth; Pt.2.42.

-सिद्ध a. understood from the very context (though not expressed in words), inferable from the connection of words.

-सिद्धिः f. fulfilment of a desired object, success. द्वारमिवार्थसिद्धेः R.2.21.

-हानिः Loss of wealth

-हारिन् a. stealing money Ks.

-हर a. inheriting wealth.

-हीन a.

1 deprived of wealth, poor.

-2 unmeaning, nonsensical.

-3 failing.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > अर्थः _arthḥ
7 В-122

В ЛУЧШЕМ ВИДЕ highly coll PrepP Invar adv or subj-compl with быть0 (subj: human or abstr, often все) fixed WO
in the best way, very well: (just) fine
in fine fashion in the best possible way (one is (one looks, sth. is going etc)) as well as could be (one sth.) couldn't be better (one) couldn't look better (in limited contexts) as well as one can in the proper manner
проявить (показать, выставить) себя \В-122 -show o.s. at one's best
show o.s. in the best (possible) light
всё будет в лучшем виде - everything will be shipshape.

(Фёдор Иванович:) Придёт письмо... И вообще все будет в лучшем виде, вот увидишь (Розов 3). (EI.:) A letter will come...And everything will be fine, you'll see (3a).

«Вот он (Аркадий), Прокофьич, - начал Николай Петрович, -приехал к нам наконец... Что? как ты его находишь?» - «В лучшем виде-с», - проговорил старик... (Тургенев 2). "So here is the young master, Prokofyich," began Nikolai Petrovich. "Come back to us at last....Well? How do you think he looks?" "Couldn't look better, sir," said the old man... (2c).

Комбат грит (ungram-mat=говорит) мне: надо, мол, Федя, надо. А я ему: надо, мол, значит надо, заделаем в лучшем виде...» (Максимов 1). The battalion commander says to me: we've got to, Fedya, we've got to. So I say to him, well if we've got to, we've got to, we'll do it as well as we can..." (1a).

«Брат, постой... ведь тут всё-таки одно дело ты мне до сих пор не разъяснил: ведь ты жених (Катерины Ивановны), ведь ты всё-таки жених?..» - «Я жених... произошло всё в Москве, по моём приезде, с парадом, с образами, и в лучшем виде» (Достоевский 1). "Wait, brother...you still haven't explained one thing to me: are you her (Katerina Ivanovna's) fiance, are you really her fiance?..." "I am her fiance..., it all happened in Moscow after my arrival, with pomp, with icons, in the proper manner" (1a)

...Да, я хорошо помню, что Перилло хотел уволить меня... Но, подумав, он дал мне испытательный срок - две недели, и чтобы не вылететь с работы, я решил проявить себя в лучшем виде (Соколов 1)....Yes, I remember quite well that Peri По wanted to fire me....But after thinking it over he gave me a probationary period-two weeks, and so as not to get kicked out of work I decided to show myself at my best (1a).

Нет, ты объясни тогда: что ты называешь ханжеством? Ну, всё то, что делается не от сердца, а с задней мыслью, с желанием выставить себя в лучшем виде (Трифонов 4). No, you explain then: what do you call phony? Well, everything that's done not from the heart, but with an ulterior motive, with the desire to show oneself in the best light (4a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > В-122
8 в лучшем виде

• В ЛУЧШЕМ ВИДЕ highly coll

[PrepP; Invar; adv or subj-compl with быть (subj: human or abstr, often все); fixed WO]

=====

⇒ in the best way, very well:

- (just) fine;

- in fine fashion;

- in the best possible way;

- (one is <one looks, sth. is going etc>) as well as could be;

- (one < sth.>) couldn't be better;

- (one) couldn't look better;

- [in limited contexts] as well as one can;

- in the proper manner;

|| проявить( показать, выставить) себя в лучшем виде ≈ show o.s. at one's best;

- show o.s. in the best (possible) light;

|| всё будет в лучшем виде≈ everything will be shipshape.

     ♦ [Фёдор Иванович:] Придёт письмо... И вообще все будет в лучшем виде, вот увидишь (Розов 3). [El.:] A letter will come...And everything will be fine, you'll see (3a).

     ♦ "Вот он [Аркадий], Прокофьич, - начал Николай Петрович, - приехал к нам наконец... Что? как ты его находишь?" - "В лучшем виде-с", - проговорил старик... (Тургенев 2). "So here is the young master, Prokofyich," began Nikolai Petrovich. "Come back to us at last....Well? How do you think he looks?" "Couldn't look better, sir," said the old man... (2c).

     ♦ "Комбат грит [ungrammat = говорит] мне: надо, мол, Федя, надо. А я ему: надо, мол, значит надо, заделаем в лучшем виде..." (Максимов 1). "The battalion commander says to me: we've got to, Fedya, we've got to. So I say to him, well if we've got to, we've got to, we'll do it as well as we can..." (1a).

     ♦ "Брат, постой... ведь тут всё-таки одно дело ты мне до сих пор не разъяснил: ведь ты жених [Катерины Ивановны], ведь ты всё-таки жених?.." - "Я жених... произошло всё в Москве, по моём приезде, с парадом, с образами, и в лучшем виде" (Достоевский 1). "Wait, brother...you still haven't explained one thing to me: are you her [Katerina Ivanovna's] fiance, are you really her йапсё?.."I am her Аапсё...; it all happened in Moscow after my arrival, with pomp, with icons, in the proper manner" (1a)

     ♦...Да, я хорошо помню, что Перилло хотел уволить меня... Но, подумав, он дал мне испытательный срок - две недели, и чтобы не вылететь с работы, я решил проявить себя в лучшем виде (Соколов 1)....Yes, I remember quite well that Perillo wanted to fire me....But after thinking it over he gave me a probationary period-two weeks, and so as not to get kicked out of work I decided to show myself at my best (1a).

     ♦ Нет, ты объясни тогда: что ты называешь ханжеством? Ну, всё то, что делается не от сердца, а с задней мыслью, с желанием выставить себя в лучшем виде (Трифонов 4). No, you explain then: what do you call phony? Well, everything that's done not from the heart, but with an ulterior motive, with the desire to show oneself in the best light (4a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > в лучшем виде
9 इति _iti

इति ind.

1 this particle is most generally used to report the very words spoken or supposed to be spoken by some one, as represented by quotation marks in English. The speech reported may be (1) a single word used merely to express what the form of the word is, when it is used as it is (शब्दस्वरूपद्योतक); कूजन्तं रामरामेति मधुरं मधुराक्षरम् Rāmarakṣā. अत एव गवित्याह Bhartṛi.; (2) or a substantive, which must be put in the nominative case when its meaning is to be indicated (प्रतिपदिकार्थद्योतक); चयस्त्विषामित्यवधारितं पुरा... क्रमादमुं नारद इत्यबोधि सः Śi.1.3.; अवैमि चैनामनघेति R.14.4; दिलीप इति राजेन्दुः R.1.12; sometimes with acc. कैवर्तमिति यं प्राहुः Ms.1.34.; Bg.6.2; (3) or a whole sentence when इति is merely used at the end of that sentence; (वाक्यार्थद्योतक); ज्ञास्यसि कियद् भुजो मे रक्षति भौंर्वीकिणाङ्क इति Ś.1.13; तयोर्मुनिकुमारयोरन्यतरः कथयति अक्षमालामुपयचितुमागतो- स्मीति K.151.

-2 Besides this general sense इति has the following senses:-- (a) Cause, as expressed by 'because', 'since', 'on the ground that', in English; वैदेशिको$स्मीति पृच्छामि U.; पुराणमित्येव न साधु सर्वम् M.1.2, oft. with किम् q. v. (b) Purpose or motive, as expressed by 'that', 'in order that' शरीरस्य विनाशो मा भूदिति मयेदमु- त्क्षिप्य समानीतम् K.32; R.1.37. (c) Thus, to mark the conclusion (opp. अथ); इति प्रथमो$ङ्कः thus or here ends the first Act. (d) It is often used to include under one head a number of separate objects grouped together; पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं कालो दिगात्मा मन इति द्रव्याणि T. S. (e) So, thus, in this manner; इत्युक्तवन्तं परिरभ्य दोर्भ्याम् Ki.11.8. (f) Of this nature or description; गौरश्वः पुरुषो हस्तीति जातिः. (g) As follows, to the following effect; रामाभिधानो हरिरित्युवाच R.13.1. (h) As for, in the capacity of, as regards, showing capacity or relation; पितेति स पूज्यः, अध्यापक इति निन्द्यः, शीघ्रमिति सुकरं, निभृतमिति चिन्तनीयं भवेत् Ś.3. (i) It is often used with the name of an author to form an Avyayibhāva comp. इतिपाणिनि thus according to Pāṇini. (j) Illustration (usually with आदि); इन्दुरिन्दुरिव श्रीमानित्यादौ तदनन्वयः Chandr.; गौः शु<?>श्चलो डित्थ इत्यादौ K. P.2. (k) A quota- tion or an opinion accepted; इति पाणिनिः, इत्यापिशलिः, इत्यमरः, विश्वः &c. (l) It is often used by commentators after quoting a rule in the sense of 'according to such a rule'; शकि लिङ् च (P.III.3.172) इति शक्यार्थे लिङ् Malli. Other senses mentioned are:- (m) Manifestation. (n) Order. (o) Arrangement. (p) Identity. (q) Proxi- mity. (r) Visibility. (s) Excess or superiority. (t) Requiring. (इति स्वरूपे सान्निध्ये विवक्षानियमे मते । हेतौ प्रकार- प्रत्यक्षप्रकाशेप्यवधारणे, एकमर्थे समाप्तौ च ॥ Hem.).

-Comp. -अर्थः sum and substance, meaning in short (often) used by commentators).

-अर्थम् ind. for this purpose, hence.

-आदि a. having such a thing or things at the beginning, so forth, et cætera (&c.). इत्यादिप्रचुराः पुरातन- कथाः सर्वेभ्य एवं श्रुताः Udb.

-उक्तम् information, report.

-कथ a.

1 not fit to be believed, untrustworthy.

-2 wicked, lost. (

-था) a meaningless or nonsensical talk.

-कर्तव्य, -करणीय, -कार्य, -कृत्य a. proper or necessary to be done according to certain rules. (

-कर्तव्यम्, -णीयम्) duty, obligation; श्रूयतामितिकर्तव्यं सर्वानेव ब्रवीमि वः Rām.2.68.5. एवं सर्वं विधायेदमितिकर्तव्यमात्मनः Ms.7.14 2. संसिद्धावितिकरणीयसंनिबद्धैरालापैः Ki.7.17. ˚ता,

-कार्यता, -कृत्यता any proper or necessary duty, obliga- tion; स मुहूर्तमिव घ्यात्वा विनिश्चित्येतिकृत्यताम् Mb.3.36.4. इति- कर्तव्यतामूढः wholly at a loss what to do, embarrassed, perplexed.

-पाणिनि ind. Thus according to Pāṇini's very words.

-मात्र a. of such extent or quality.

-वृत्तम् 1 occurrence, event.

-2 a tale, story.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > इति _iti
10 कृत्य

kṛitya
mfn. « to be done orﾠ performed», (am) n. ind. anybody (gen.) is concerned about (instr.) Mṛicch. ;

practicable, feasible W. ;
right, proper to be done MBh. R. etc.;
one who may be seduced from allegiance orﾠ alliance, who may be bribed orﾠ hired (as an assassin) Rājat. V, 247 ;
(in med.) to be treated orﾠ attended with (in comp.) Suṡr. ;
m. (scil. pratyaya) the class of affixes forming the fut. p. Pass. (as tavya, anīya, ya, elima, etc.) Pāṇ. ;
a kind of evil spirit (named either with orﾠ without the addition of yaksha, mānusha, asura, etc.) Buddh. (perhaps v.l. for - tyā below);
(ā́) f. (Pāṇ. 3-3, 100) action, act, deed, performance, achievement AV. V, 9, 8 Mn. XI, 125 MBh. XII, 3837 ;
(with gen. rujas) ill usage orﾠ treatment Mn. XI, 67 ;
magic, enchantment AV. etc.;
(especially personified) a kind of female evil spirit orﾠ sorceress RV. X, 85, 28 and 29 VS. etc.. ;
a female deity to whom sacrifices are offered for destructive andﾠ magical purposes L. ;
N. of a river MBh. VI, 9, 18 ;
(am) n. what ought to be done, what is proper orﾠ fit, duty, office Mn. R. etc.;
action, business, performance, service Ṡak. Sarvad. etc.;
purpose, end, object, motive, cause MBh. etc.
- कृत्यकल्पतरु
- कृत्यकल्पद्रुम
- कृत्यकल्पलता
- कृत्यकौमुदी
- कृत्यचिन्ता
- कृत्यचिन्तामणि
- कृत्यज्ञ
- कृत्यतत्त्व
- कृत्यतम
- कृत्यता
- कृत्यप्रदीप
- कृत्यमञ्जरी
- कृत्यमहार्णव
- कृत्यरत्न
- कृत्यरत्नाकर
- कृत्यरत्नावली
- कृत्यराज
- कृत्यवत्
- कृत्यवर्त्मन्
- कृत्यविद्
- कृत्यविधि
- कृत्यशेष
- कृत्यसार
- कृत्याकृत्य

Sanskrit-English dictionary > कृत्य
11 sanction

ˈsæŋkʃən
1. сущ.
1) официальное одобрение, разрешение, поддержка( чего-л.) to give sanction to ≈ одобрять( что-л.), давать разрешение на что-л. to receive sanction ≈ получать одобрение, разрешение legal sanction Syn: approbation, permission, ratification, approval
2) указ, постановление, директива;
юр. утверждение высшей инстанцией какого-л. акта, придающее ему правовую силу Syn: decree
1.
3) обыкн. мн. санкции меры принудительного воздействия, применяемые к нарушителям установленного порядка) (against) to apply, impose sanction ≈ принимать меры to lift sanction ≈ прекращать поддержку economic sanction ≈ экономические санкции (обычно карательного характера)
4) юр. санкция часть правовой нормы, статьи закона, в которой указываются правовые последствия нарушения данного закона
5) мотив, моральные соображения Syn: motive
1.
2. гл.
1) санкционировать, разрешать, одобрять Syn: authorise, countenance
2., approve, endorse
2) ратифицировать, утверждать( закон, договор, соглашение) Syn: ratify, confirm
3) применять штрафные санкции Syn: penalize санкция, ратификация, утверждение /разрешение/ - to give /to grant/ * to smth. утвердить что-л.;
дать санкцию на что-л. - to obtain the * of the proper authorities получить санкцию соответствующих вышестоящих органов - to grant Parliamentary * дать парламентскую санкцию, ратифицировать в парламенте поддержка, согласие, одобрение, разрешение - tacit * молчаливое одобрение - moral * моральное одобрение - the * of conscience то, что позволяет совесть - to get the * of smb. to smth. получить чье-л. согласие на что-л. - without smb.'s * без чьего-л. согласия - it was done without my * это было сделано без моего разрешения - the * of public opinion поддержка /одобрение/ общественного мнения - custom gives * to what would have been regarded as bad form обычай узаконивает то, что в ином случае считалось бы дурным тоном - the usage has wide * in literature это словоупотребление прочно укрепилось в литературе мотив, соображение - religious *s религиозные соображения часто pl санкция - financial *s финансовые санкции - to apply *s against smb. применить санкции против кого-л. - punitive /vindicatory/ *s карательные санкции (юридическое) предусмотренная законом мера наказания - the last *s of the law высшая мера наказания( историческое) указ, предписание, постановление санкционировать, ратифицировать, утверждать одобрять, разрешать - her conscience doesn't * it совесть ей этого не позволяет - it is usage that *s an error словоупотребление закрепляет ошибку /санкционирует то, что считалось ошибкой/ (юридическое) предусмотреть( в законе) меру наказания binding ~ санкция, имеющая обязательную силу civil ~ гражданская санкция collateral ~ дополнительная санкция collective ~ коллективная санкция economic ~ экономическая санкция lift a ~ отменять санкцию lift a ~ прекращать санкцию sanction запретительное предписание ~ запрещение ~ мотив ~ одобрение, утверждение, санкция ~ одобрение, поддержка (чего-л.) ~ одобрение ~ одобрить ~ одобрять, утверждать, санкционировать ~ одобрять ~ поддержка ~ правовая санкция, предусмотренная законом мера наказания ~ правовая санкция ~ предусматривать в законе меру наказания ~ юр. предусмотренная законом мера наказания ~ предусмотренная законом мера наказания ~ разрешать ~ разрешение ~ ратификация ~ ратифицировать ~ санкционировать, утвердить ~ санкционировать ~ (обыкн. pl) санкция, мера ~ санкция, ратификация, утверждение ~ санкция ~ согласие ~ соображение ~ утверждать ~ утверждение technical ~ формальная санкция technical ~ формальное одобрение

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > sanction
12 force

1) мех. сила; усилие

2) воздействие

3) вмешательство || вмешиваться ( в работу устройства); принуждать, заставлять; форсировать

4) вставлять с усилием, вдавливать; вгонять, загонять

5) пуансон

6) усиливать; ускорять; увеличивать

•

force A is equal and opposite to force B — сила А равна по величине и противоположна по направлению силе В;

force between track links — натяг между звеньями траковой цепи;

force in the joint — рбт усилие в сочленении;

to apply force — прикладывать силу; прилагать усилие;

to balance force — уравновешивать силу;

to combine forces — складывать силы;

to distribute force — распределять силу;

to force down — прижимать книзу, отжимать;

to exert force — прикладывать силу; прилагать усилие;

to force home — вгонять (загонять) до отказа;

to impress force upon structure — прикладывать силу к конструкции или к сооружению;

to force out — 1. вытеснять, выгонять 2. выкачивать;

to place forces in equilibrium — уравновешивать силы;

to resolve force into components — раскладывать силу на составляющие;

to take ( up) force — воспринимать усилие;

to force through — продавливать; проталкивать

force of current interaction — сила взаимодействия токов, экстрадинамическая сила

-
accelerating force
-
actual cutting force
-
actuation force
-
adhesion force
-
adsorption forces
-
aerodynamic force
-
aggregation force
-
alternating electromotive force
-
alternating force
-
applied force
-
ascensional force
-
attracting force
-
axial force
-
back electromotive force
-
balance force
-
bending force
-
Bernoulli force
-
biasing magnetizing force
-
body force
-
bolt strap force
-
bonding force
-
braking force
-
breakdown force
-
breakout force
-
buckling force
-
buffing force
-
buoyancy force
-
calculated force
-
calibration force
-
centrifugal force
-
centripetal force
-
clamping force
-
climb force
-
coercitive force
-
coercive force
-
cohesive force
-
collapsing force
-
collision force
-
compression force
-
concentrated force
-
constraining force
-
contact electromotive force
-
contact extraction force
-
contact force
-
contact retention force
-
contractive force
-
Coriolis force
-
cornering force
-
correct track assembly force
-
Coulomb force
-
counter-electromotive force
-
crack-driving force
-
crowding force
-
crowd force
-
crushing force
-
cutting force
-
damping force
-
deflecting force
-
deforming force
-
demagnetization force
-
differential force
-
digging force
-
direct force
-
directive force
-
draft force
-
drag force
-
drawbar pulling force
-
drawing force
-
driving force
-
dynamic force
-
effective force
-
effective tractive force
-
elastic force
-
electric force
-
electrodynamic force
-
electrokinetic force
-
electromotive force
-
electrostatic force
-
engaging force
-
equivalent force
-
exchange forces
-
expulsive force
-
external force
-
feed force
-
field force
-
flow force
-
flux force
-
fracture-driving force
-
fracture force
-
frictional force
-
friction force
-
gravitational force
-
gravity force
-
gripping force
-
hydraulic tractive force
-
ice force
-
image force
-
impact force
-
imposed force
-
impulsive force
-
induced electromotive force
-
inertial force
-
insertion force
-
instantaneous force
-
interacting forces
-
interionic forces
-
intermolecular forces
-
internal force
-
ionic force
-
jacking force
-
labor force
-
landing force
-
lateral force
-
levitating force
-
lifting force
-
lift force
-
lip force
-
longitudinal impact force
-
magnetic force
-
magnetizing force
-
magnetomotive force
-
magnifying force
-
mechanical force
-
member force
-
momentary force
-
motive force
-
mutual electrodynamic force
-
net drag force
-
net force
-
normal force
-
nuclear forces
-
oil stiction force
-
opposite forces
-
photoelectromotive force
-
pinch force
-
plane-strain crack resistance force
-
ploughing force
-
plug thrust force
-
ponderomotive force
-
press force
-
pressing force
-
pressure-gradient force
-
prestressing force
-
proper force
-
propulsive force
-
pryout force
-
psophometric electromotive force
-
pullout force
-
pull force
-
pulling force
-
pulsating electromotive force
-
raising force
-
rated force
-
reacting force
-
reaction force
-
reactive electromotive force
-
reactive force
-
release force
-
repair force
-
repulsive force
-
reset force
-
resistance force
-
restraining force
-
resultant force
-
retarding force
-
retention force
-
rotating electromotive force
-
saturating forces
-
secondary force
-
seepage force
-
self-inductance electromotive force
-
separating force
-
shearing force
-
shear force
-
side force
-
single force
-
skating force
-
sliding resistance force
-
space force
-
specific cutting force
-
specific friction force
-
spring force
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starting force
-
steady cutting force
-
stretching force
-
suction force
-
sump force
-
superposed force
-
supporting force
-
surface tension force
-
tangential cutting force
-
tangential force
-
task force
-
tearing force
-
tensile force
-
thermal electromotive force
-
thermoelectromotive force
-
Thomson electromotive force
-
tide-generating force
-
tighting force
-
torque force
-
total electromotive force
-
total force
-
towing force
-
tracking force
-
tractive force
-
transient cutting force
-
transverse force
-
turret clamping force
-
twisting force
-
unit force
-
uplift force
-
upward force
-
Van der Waals forces
-
vectorial force
-
vector force
-
viscous force
-
water force
-
wave force
-
wind force
-
withdrawal force

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > force
13 कृत्य _kṛtya

कृत्य a. [कृ-क्यप्; cf. P.III.1.12]

1 What should or ought to be done, right, proper, fit; साधु पर्याप्तमेता- वत्कृत्यश्चारित्रसंग्रहः Rām.7.13.18.

-2 Feasible, practi- cable.

-3 One who may be seduced from allegiance, treacherous; Rāj. T.5.247.

-त्यम् 1 What ought to be done, duty, (इतिकृत्य) function; Ms.2.237;7.67.

-2 Work, business, deed, commission; बन्धुकृत्यम् Me.116; अन्योन्यकृत्यैः Ś.7.34.

-3 Purpose, object, end; कूजद्भि- रापादितवंशकृत्यम् R.2.12; Ku.4.15.

-4 Motive, cause; किमागमनकृत्यं ते देवगन्धर्वसेवित Rām.7.21.4.

-त्यः A class of affixes used to form potential (future) passive par- ticiple; these are तव्य, अनीय, य and also एलिम.

-त्या 1 Action, deed.

-2 Magic.

-3 A female deity to whom sacrifices are offered for destructive and magical pur- poses; परं यत्नमकरोद्यो मे पापकृत्यां शमयेदिति Mb.1.31.11.

-Comp. -अकृत्यरक्षणम् protection of parties for or against one's cause; Kau. A.1.13.

-विधिः m. the rule, precept.

-शेष a. One who has not finished his task; व्रज- स्त्रियो दृग्भिरनुप्रवृत्तधियो$वतस्थुः किल कृत्यशेषाः Bhāg.3.2.14.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > कृत्य _kṛtya
14 कार्य

kāryá
mfn. (fut. p.p. 1. kṛi), to be made orﾠ done orﾠ practised orﾠ performed, practicable feasible AV. III, 24, 5 TS. Mn. etc.. ;

to be imposed (as a punishment) Mn. VIII, 276 and 285 ;
to be offered (as a libation) Mn. etc.. ;
proper to be done, fit, right;
(am) n. work orﾠ business to be done, duty, affair Mn. MBh. etc.;
a religious action orﾠ performance Mn. etc.;
occupation, matter, thing, enterprise, emergency, occurrence, crisis;
conduct, deportment;
occasion, need (with inst. e.g.. tṛiṇenakāryam, there is need of a straw;
nabhūmyākāryamasmākam, we have no business with the earth R. I, 13, 50);
lawsuit, dispute;
an operation in grammar (e.g.. sthāny-āṡrayaṉkāryam, an operation resting on the primitive form as opposed to the ādeṡa, orﾠ substitute) Kāṡ. on Pāṇ. ;
an effect, result MBh. Sāṃkhyak. Vedântas. ;
motive, object, aim, purpose (e.g.. kiṉkāryam, for what purpose? wherefore?) Mn. R. etc.;
cause, origin L. ;
the denouement of a drama Sāh. ;
(ā) f. (= kārī, - rikā)
N. of a plant L. ;
- कार्यकर
- कार्यकर्तृ
- कार्यकारण
- कार्यकारिन्
- कार्यकाल
- कार्यकुशल
- कार्यक्षम
- कार्यगुरुता
- कार्यगुरुत्व
- कार्यगौरव
- कार्यचिन्तक
- कार्यचिन्ता
- कार्यच्युत
- कार्यतम
- कार्यतस्
- कार्यता
- कार्यत्व
- कार्यदर्शन
- कार्यदर्शिन्
- कार्यनिर्णय
- कार्यनिर्वृत्ति
- कार्यपरिच्छेद
- कार्यपुट
- कार्यप्रद्वेष
- कार्यप्रेष्य
- कार्यभाज्
- कार्यभाजन
- कार्यभ्रष्ट
- कार्यवत्
- कार्यवश
- कार्यवस्तु
- कार्यविनिमय
- कार्यविनिर्णय
- कार्यविपत्ति
- कार्यवृत्तान्त
- कार्यव्यसन
- कार्यशेष
- कार्यसंदेह
- कार्यसम
- कार्यसागर
- कार्यसाधक
- कार्यसिद्धि
- कार्यस्थान
- कार्यहन्तृ
- कार्याकार्य
- कार्याक्षम
- कार्याक्षेप
- कार्याख्या
- कार्यातिपात
- कार्यातिपातिन्
- कार्याधिकारिन्
- कार्याधिप
- कार्यान्त
- कार्यान्तर
- कार्यापेक्षिन्
- कार्यार्थ
- कार्यार्थिन्
- कार्येक्षण
- कार्येश
- कार्येश्वर
- कार्योद्युक्त
- कार्योद्योग
- कार्योपेक्षा

Sanskrit-English dictionary > कार्य
15 समुदाचार

sam-udācāra
m. preset station, offering, entertainment (of a guest etc.) MBh. Hariv. ;

proper orﾠ right practice orﾠ usage orﾠ conduct orﾠ behaviour MBh. R. etc.;
intercourse with (instr.) MBh. ;
address Hariv. Kāv. etc.;
salutation Divyâ̱v. ;
intention, purpose, design, motive L. ;
mfn. = next BhP. ;
- vat mfn. one who conducts himself well MBh.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > समुदाचार
16 force

1) сила; усилие || силовой

2) персонал ( предприятия)

3) вдавливать; загонять; вставлять с усилием

4) форсировать

5) принуждать

•

forces in action — действующие силы

force per unit tool deflection — сила изгиба инструмента на единицу длины, удельная сила изгиба инструмента на единицу длины

- actual cutting force
- applied force
- attractive force
- axial force
- axis-cutting force
- back electromotive force
- back force
- balancing force
- bearing force
- body forces
- braking force
- breakaway force
- broaching force
- bulk forces
- bursting force
- calibrated force
- central force
- centrifugal force
- centripetal force
- chucking force
- clamp force
- clamping force
- clutch force
- coercive force
- cohesive force
- collision forces
- compacting force
- component force
- compound centrifugal force
- compression force
- constraining force
- constraint force
- contact force
- contractive force
- control force
- counterbalancing force
- cross-axis force
- cutter force
- cutting force
- cutting thrust force
- cutting tool force
- damping force
- deflecting force
- deflection force
- deformation force
- differential forces
- directing force
- dissipative force
- disturbing force
- drag force
- drawbar pull force
- driving force
- dynamic mesh force
- dynamometer force
- energy equivalent force
- equilibrant force
- even force
- excitation force
- exciting force
- explosive force
- external force
- extraction force
- fastening force
- feed force
- feeding force
- felt force
- fluid-pressure-induced force
- force of moving space
- forming force
- friction force
- frictional force
- gear force
- generalized force
- gravitational force
- gravity force
- gripping force
- heavy cutting forces
- hold-down force
- holding force
- hydraulic force
- impulsive force
- inertia force
- instantaneous cutting force
- interface forces
- internal force
- jaw force
- joining force
- key pressure force
- labor force
- lateral force
- locking force
- low-contact force
- machining force
- mating force
- measuring force
- mechanical force
- mental force
- milling force
- momentum force
- motive force
- moving force
- normal driving force
- normal force
- operating force
- operational force
- opposing force
- orthogonal cutting forces
- out-of-balance force
- overload force
- part extraction force
- peripheral force
- pinching-down force
- pressure force
- processing forces
- propelling force
- proper force
- pulling force
- pulsating cutting force
- pushing force
- radial force
- reaction force
- reactive force
- reduced force
- repulsion force
- repulsive force
- resistance force
- restoring force
- restraining force
- resultant force
- retention force
- retract force
- rotary force
- rotational force
- separation force
- shear force
- shearing force
- slide force
- specific cutting force
- stated force
- static force
- static friction force
- static measuring force
- steady cutting force
- steady-state force
- stopping force
- straining force
- surface forces
- tangential cutting force
- tangential force
- task force
- tensile force
- thermal constraining forces
- thermoelectromotive force
- thrust force
- tipping force
- to force away
- to force backward
- to force down
- to force on
- tool forces
- tractive force
- transient cutting force
- transverse force
- trigger force
- twisting force
- unbalancing force
- unit hydraulic force
- whole force
- workpiece retention force

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > force
17 functor

матем.

функтор

- abelianizing functor

- additive functor

- adjoint functor

- aggregation preserving functor

- algebraic functor

- amnestic functor

- antidual functor

- auxiliary functor

- balanced functor

- biadditive functor

- binary functor

- canonic functor

- closed functor

- coadjoint functor

- cobordism functor

- cofinal functor

- coforgetful functor

- cohomological functor

- cohomology functor

- colimit functor

- colimit preserving functor

- complete functor

- completely univalent functor

- composite functor

- composition functor

- conjugate functor

- conjunction functor

- connected functor

- conservative functor

- constant functor

- constructive functor

- continuous functor

- contracted functor
- contractor functor
- contravariant functor

- convergent functor

- coproduct functor

- corepresentable functor

- couniversal functor

- covariant functor

- dense functor

- derived functor

- diagonal functor

- disjunction functor

- duality functor

- economical functor

- effacable functor

- embedding functor

- empty functor

- epireflective functor

- exact functor

- extensional functor

- faithful functor

- faithfully exact functor

- family functor

- fraction functor

- free functor

- full functor

- fully faithful functor
- fully invariant functor
- functor category

- functor epimorphism

- functor generating functor

- functor of bicharacters

- functor of inverse limit

- functor of points

- functor variable

- generalized functor

- geometric realization functor

- good functor

- half-exact functor

- hereditary functor

- homotopically invariant functor

- homotopy functor

- hyperbolic functor

- hypercohomology functor

- hyperhomology functor

- identity functor

- immersion functor

- inclusion functor

- inductive functor

- initial functor

- injective functor

- interpolation functor

- intersection functor

- left-adequate functor

- left-adjoint functor

- left-balanced functor

- left-derived functor

- left-exact functor

- limit-preserving functor

- local functor

- localizing functor

- locally defined functor

- modal functor

- motive cohomology functor

- n-argument functor

- natural functor

- naturalized functor

- n-dimensional homology functor

- negation functor

- normalization functor

- normalized functor

- n-place functor

- numerical functor

- one-place functor

- open functor

- oriented homology functor

- partial functor

- power functor

- premonoidal functor

- principal functor

- product preserving functor

- prolonged functor

- proper functor

- propositional functor

- prorepresentable functor

- pure covariant functor

- quotient functor

- representation functor

- representing functor

- resolvent functor

- right adjoint functor
- right balanced functor - right derived functor - right exact functor
- satellite of functor

- semiexact functor

- sentential functor

- set-valued functor

- shape functor

- signalizer functor

- singular functor

- singular homology functor

- small functor

- smooth functor

- solvable functor

- star functor

- statement functor

- strictly local functor

- stripping functor

- strongly definable functor

- structure functor

- subrepresentable functor

- sum functor

- surjective functor

- tangent functor

- term functor

- translation functor

- transportable functor

- triadic functor

- truth functor

- twisting functor

- two-place functor

- unary functor

- univalent functor

- zero-argument functor

English-Russian scientific dictionary > functor
18 in

1.
in (old forms endŏ and indŭ, freq. in ante-class. poets; cf. Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4; id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2; Lucil. ap. Lact. 5, 9, 20; Lucr. 2, 1096; 5, 102; 6, 890 et saep.), prep. with abl. and acc. [kindr. with Sanscr. an; Greek en, en-tha, en-then, eis, i. e. en-s, ana; Goth. ana; Germ. in], denotes either rest or motion within or into a place or thing; opp. to ex; in, within, on, upon, among, at; into, to, towards.
I.
With abl.
A.
In space.
1.
Lit., in (with abl. of the place or thing in which):
aliorum fructus in terra est, aliorum et extra,
Plin. 19, 4, 22, § 61:
alii in corde, alii in cerebro dixerunt animi esse sedem et locum,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 19:
eo in rostris sedente suasit Serviliam legem Crassus,
id. Brut. 43, 161:
qui sunt cives in eadem re publica,
id. Rep. 1, 32 fin.:
facillimam in ea re publica esse concordiam, in qua idem conducat omnibus,
id. ib.:
T. Labienus ex loco superiore, quae res in nostris castris gererentur, conspicatus,
Caes. B. G. 2, 26, 4:
quod si in scaena, id est in contione verum valet, etc.,
Cic. Lael. 26, 97:
in foro palam Syracusis,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 33, § 81:
plures in eo loco sine vulnere quam in proelio aut fuga intereunt,
Caes. B. C. 2, 35:
tulit de caede, quae in Appia via facta esset,
Cic. Mil. 6, 15:
in via fornicata,
Liv. 22, 36:
vigebat in illa domo mos patrius et disciplina,
Cic. de Sen. 11, 37:
in domo furtum factum ab eo qui domi fuit,
Quint. 5, 10, 16:
nupta in domo,
Liv. 6, 34, 9:
copias in castris continent,
in, within, Caes. B. C. 1, 66:
cum in angusto quodam pulpito stans diceret,
Quint. 11, 3, 130:
se ac suos in vehiculo conspici,
Liv. 5, 40, 10:
malo in illa tua sedecula sedere, quam in istorum sella curuli,
Cic. Att. 4, 10:
sedere in solio,
id. Fin. 2, 21, 66:
Albae constiterant, in urbe opportuna,
id. Phil. 4, 2, 6. —
Sometimes, also, with names of places: omnes se ultro sectari in Epheso memorat mulieres,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 182:
heri aliquot adolescentuli coiimus in Piraeo,
Ter. Eun. 3, 4, 1:
navis et in Cajeta est parata nobis et Brundisii,
Cic. Att. 8, 3, 6:
complures (naves) in Hispali faciendas curavit,
Caes. B. C. 2, 18:
caesos in Marathone ac Salamine,
Quint. 12, 10, 24:
in Berenice urbe Troglodytarum,
Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 183.—
2.
In indicating a multitude or number, of, in, or among which a person or thing is, in, among (= gen. part.):
in his poeta hic nomen profitetur suum,
Ter. Eun. prol. 3:
Thales, qui sapientissimus in septem fuit,
Cic. Leg. 2, 11, 26:
peto ut eum complectare, diligas, in tuis habeas,
id. Fam. 13, 78, 2; cf.:
in perditis et desperatis,
id. ib. 13, 56, 1:
omnia quae secundum naturam fiunt, sunt habenda in bonis,
id. de Sen. 19, 71:
dolor in maximis malis ducitur,
id. Leg. 1, 11, 31:
justissimus unus in Teucris,
Verg. A. 2, 426:
cecidere in pugna ad duo milia... in his quatuor Romani centuriones,
Liv. 27, 12, 16:
in diis et feminae sunt,
Lact. 1, 16, 17.—
3.
Of analogous relations of place or position:
sedere in equo,
on horseback, id. Verr. 2, 5, 10:
quid legati in equis,
id. Pis. 25, 60:
sedere in leone,
Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 109:
in eo flumine pons erat,
on, over, Caes. B. G. 2, 5:
in herboso Apidano,
on the banks of, Prop. 1, 3, 6:
in digitis,
on tiptoe, Val. Fl. 4, 267:
castra in limite locat,
on the rampart, Tac. A. 1, 50:
ipse coronam habebat unam in capite, alteram in collo,
on, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27:
oleae in arbore,
Cels. 2, 24:
Caesaris in barbaris erat nomen obscurius,
among, Caes. B. C. 1, 61:
in ceteris nationibus, Cels. praef. 1: qui in Brutiis praeerat,
Liv. 25, 16, 7:
in juvenibus,
Quint. 11, 1, 32:
nutus in mutis pro sermone est,
id. 11, 3, 66.—Of dress, like cum, q. v.:
in veste candida,
Liv. 45, 20, 5; 34, 7, 3:
in calceis,
id. 24, 38, 2:
in insignibus,
id. 5, 41, 2:
in tunicis albis,
Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 13:
in Persico et vulgari habitu,
Curt. 3, 3, 4:
in lugubri veste,
id. 10, 5, 17:
in Tyriis,
Ov. A. A. 2, 297:
in Cois,
id. ib. v. 298; cf.:
homines in catenis Romam mittere,
Liv. 29, 21, 12; 32, 1, 8: quis multa te in rosa urget, etc., Hor C. 1, 5, 1; so, in viola aut in rosa, Cic. Tusc. [p. 912] 5, 26, 73.—So of arms:
duas legiones in armis,
Caes. B. G. 7, 11, 6; cf. Verg. A. 3, 395:
in armis hostis,
under arms, Ov. M. 12,65:
quae in ore atque in oculis provinciae gesta sunt (= coram),
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 33, § 81; so,
in oculis provinciae,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 2:
in oculis omnium,
id. ib. 1, 3, 7:
divitiae, decus, gloria in oculis sita sunt,
Sall. C. 20, 14; Curt. 4, 13, 1; Liv. 22, 12, 6:
Julianus in ore ejus (Vitellii) jugulatur,
Tac. H. 3, 77; Sen. Ben. 7, 19, 7.—Of a passage in any writing (but when the author is named, by meton., for his works, apud is used, Krebs, Antibarb. p. 561):
in populorum institutis aut legibus,
Cic. Leg. 1, 15, 42:
in illis libris qui sunt de natura deorum,
id. Fat. 1, 1:
in Timaeo dicit,
id. N. D. 1, 12, 30:
epistula, in qua omnia perscripta erant,
Nep. Pelop. 3, 2:
perscribit in litteris, hostes ab se discessisse,
Caes. B. G. 5, 49; but in is also used with an author's name when, not a place in his book, but a feature of his style, etc., is referred to:
in Thucydide orbem modo orationis desidero,
Cic. Or. 71, 234:
in Herodoto omnia leniter fluunt,
Quint. 9, 4, 18.—Of books:
libri oratorii diu in manibus fuerunt,
Cic. Att. 4, 13, 2; id. Lael. 25, 96; but more freq. trop.: in manibus habere, tenere, etc., to be engaged, occupied with, to have under control or within reach:
philosophi quamcunque rem habent in manibus,
id. Tusc. 5, 7, 18:
quam spem nunc habeat in manibus, exponam,
id. Verr. 1, 6, 16:
rem habere in manibus,
id. Att. 6, 3, 1; cf.:
neque mihi in manu fuit Jugurtha qualis foret,
in my power, Sall. J. 14, 4:
postquam nihil esse in manu sua respondebatur,
Liv. 32, 24, 2:
quod ipsorum in manu sit,... bellum an pacem malint,
Tac. A. 2, 46; but, cum tantum belli in manibus esset, was in hand, busied (cf.:
inter manus),
Liv. 4, 57, 1; so,
quorum epistulas in manu teneo,
Cic. Phil. 12, 4, 9; cf. id. Att. 2, 2, 2:
in manu poculum tenens,
id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71:
coronati et lauream in manu tenentes,
Liv. 40, 37, 3; Suet. Claud. 15 fin. —Of that which is thought of as existing in the mind, memory, character, etc.:
in animo esse,
Cic. Fam. 14, 11:
in animo habere,
id. Rosc. Am. 18, 52:
lex est ratio insita in natura,
id. Leg. 1, 6, 18:
in memoria sedere,
id. de Or. 2, 28, 122; cf.:
tacito mutos volvunt in pectore questus,
Luc. 1, 247:
quanta auctoritas fuit in C. Metello!
Cic. de Sen. 17, 61. —So freq. of a person's qualities of mind or character:
erat in eo summa eloquentia, summa fides,
Cic. Mur. 28, 58; cf.:
in omni animante est summum aliquid atque optimum, ut in equis,
id. Fin. 4, 41, 37:
si quid artis in medicis est,
Curt. 3, 5, 13; cf.:
nibil esse in morte timendum,
Lucr. 3, 866.— Esp., in eo loco, in that state or condition:
in eo enim loco res sunt nostrae, ut, etc.,
Liv. 7, 35, 7: si vos in eo loco essetis, quid aliud fecissetis? Cat. ap. Quint. 9, 2, 21; so,
quo in loco, etc.: cum ex equitum et calonum fuga, quo in loco res essent, cognovissent,
Caes. B. G. 2, 26:
videtis, quo in loco res haec siet, Ter Phorm. 2, 4, 6: quod ipse, si in eodem loco esset, facturus fuerit,
Liv. 37, 14, 5.—Hence, without loco, in eo esse ut, etc., to be in such a condition, etc.:
non in eo esse Carthaginiensium res, ut Galliam armis obtineant,
Liv. 30, 19, 3:
cum res non in eo esset, ut Cyprum tentaret,
id. 33, 41, 9; 8, 27, 3; 2, 17, 5; Nep. Mil. 7, 3; id. Paus. 5, 1 (cf. I. C. 1. infra).—
B.
In time, indicating its duration, in, during, in the course of:
feci ego istaec itidem in adulescentia,
in my youth, when I was young, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 6:
in tempore hoc,
Ter. And. 4, 5, 24:
in hoc tempore,
Tac. A. 13, 47:
in tali tempore,
Sall. C. 48, 5; Liv. 22, 35; 24, 28 al.:
in diebus paucis,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 77:
in brevi spatio,
id. Heaut. 5, 2, 2; Suet. Vesp. 4:
in qua aetate,
Cic. Brut. 43 fin.:
in ea aetate,
Liv. 1, 57:
in omni aetate,
Cic. de Sen. 3, 9:
in aetate, qua jam Alexander orbem terrarum subegisset,
Suet. Caes. 7:
qua (sc. Iphigenia) nihil erat in eo quidem anno natum pulchrius,
in the course of, during the year, Cic. Off. 3, 25, 95 (al. eo quidem anno):
nihil in vita se simile fecisse,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 91: nihil in vita vidit calamitatis A. Cluentius. id. Clu. 6, 18:
in tota vita inconstans,
id. Tusc. 4, 13, 29.—
b.
In tempore, at the right or proper time, in time (Cic. uses only tempore; v. tempus): eccum ipsum video in tempore huc se recipere, Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 24:
ni pedites equitesque in tempore subvenissent,
Liv. 33, 5:
spreta in tempore gloria interdum cumulatior redit,
id. 2, 47:
rebellaturi,
Tac. A. 12, 50:
atque adeo in ipso tempore eccum ipsum obviam,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 52: in tempore, opportune. Nos sine praepositione dicimus tempore et tempori, Don. ad Ter. And. 4, 4, 19.—
c.
In praesentia and in praesenti, at present, now, at this moment, under these circumstances:
sic enim mihi in praesentia occurrit,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 14:
vestrae quidem cenae non solum in praesentia, sed etiam postero die jucundae sunt,
id. ib. 5, 35, 100:
id quod unum maxime in praesentia desiderabatur,
Liv. 21, 37:
haec ad te in praesenti scripsi, ut, etc.,
for the present, Cic. Fam. 2, 10, 4.—
d.
With gerunds and fut. pass. participles, to indicate duration of time, in:
fit, ut distrahatur in deliberando animus,
Cic. Off. 1, 3, 9; id. Fam. 2, 6, 2:
vitiosum esse in dividendo partem in genere numerare,
id. Fin. 2, 9, 26:
quod in litteris dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat,
id. Cat. 3, 3, 6:
ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret,
Caes. B. G. 2, 21:
in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus,
in laying waste, id. ib. 5, 19:
in excidenda Numantia,
Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76:
cum in immolanda Iphigenia tristis Calchas esset,
id. Or. 21, 74.—
C.
In other relations, where a person or thing is thought of as in a certain condition, situation, or relation, in:
qui magno in aere alieno majores etiam possessiones habent,
Cic. Cat. 2, 8, 18:
se in insperatis repentinisque pecuniis jactare,
id. Cat. 2, 9, 20:
Larinum in summo timore omnium cum armatis advolavit,
id. Clu. 8, 25.—
So freq., of qualities or states of mind: summa in sollicitudine ac timore Parthici belli,
Caes. B. C. 3, 31:
torpescentne dextrae in amentia illa?
Liv. 23, 9, 7:
hunc diem perpetuum in laetitia degere,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 5; Cic. Cat. 4, 1, 2:
in metu,
Tac. A. 14, 43:
in voluptate,
Cic. Fin. 1, 19, 62:
alicui in amore esse,
beloved, id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 3:
alicui in amoribus esse,
id. Att. 6, 1, 12:
res in invidia erat,
Sall. J. 25, 5; Liv. 29, 37, 17: sum in expectatione omnium rerum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 4, 10:
num... Diogenem Stoicum coegit in suis studiis obmutescere senectus?
in his studies, Cic. de Sen. 7, 21:
mirificam cepi voluptatem ex tua diligentia: quod in summis tuis occupationibus mihi tamen rei publicae statum per te notum esse voluisti,
even in, notwithstanding your great occupations, id. Fam. 3, 11, 4.—
So freq., of business, employment, occupations, etc.: in aliqua re versari,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 47, § 105:
similia iis, quae in consilio dixerat,
Curt. 5, 5, 23:
in certamine armorum atque in omni palaestra quid satis recte cavetur,
Quint. 9, 4, 8:
agi in judiciis,
id. 11, 1, 78:
tum vos mihi essetis in consilio,
Cic. Rep. 3, 18, 28:
in actione... dicere,
Quint. 8, 2, 2.—Of an office, magistracy:
in quo tum magistratu forte Brutus erat,
Liv. 1, 59, 7; 4, 17, 1:
in eo magistratu pari diligentia se praebuit,
Nep. Han. 7, 5 (cf. B. 1. supra):
in ea ipsa causa fuit eloquentissimus,
Cic. Brut, 43, 160:
qui non defendit nec obsistit, si potest, injuriae, tam est in vitio, quam, etc.,
is in the wrong, acts wrongly, id. Off. 1, 7, 23:
etsi hoc quidem est in vitio, dissolutionem naturae tam valde perhorrescere,
is wrong, id. Fin. 5, 11, 31:
non sunt in eo genere tantae commoditates corporis,
id. ib. 4, 12, 29; cf.:
an omnino nulla sit in eo genere distinctio,
id. Or. 61, 205:
Drusus erat de praevaricatione absolutus in summa quatuor sententiis,
on the whole, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 16; cf.:
et in omni summa, ut mones, valde me ad otium pacemque converto,
id. ib. 3, 5, 5;
but, in summa, sic maxime judex credit, etc.,
in a word, in fine, Quint. 9, 2, 72; Auct. B. Alex. 71; Just. 37, 1, 8:
horum (juvenum) inductio in parte simulacrum decurrentis exercitus erat: ex parte elegantioris exercitii quam militaris artis,
in part, Liv. 44, 9, 5; cf.:
quod mihi in parte verum videtur,
Quint. 2, 8, 6:
patronorum in parte expeditior, in parte difficilior interrogatio est,
id. 5, 7, 22:
hoc facere in eo homine consueverunt,
in the case of, Caes. B. G. 7, 21:
in furibus aerarii,
Sall. C. 52, 12:
Achilles talis in hoste fuit,
Verg. A. 2, 540:
in hoc homine saepe a me quaeris, etc.,
in the case of, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 6: in nominibus impiis, Sall. C. 51, 15:
suspectus et in morte matris fuit,
Suet. Vit. 14:
qui praesentes metuunt, in absentia hostes erunt, = absentes,
Curt. 6, 3, 8 (cf. I. B. c. supra).—Of the meaning of words, etc.:
non solum in eodem sensu, sed etiam in diverso, eadem verba contra,
Quint. 9, 3, 36:
aliter voces aut eaedem in diversa significatione ponuntur,
id. 9, 3, 69:
Sallustius in significatione ista non superesse sed superare dicit,
Gell. 1, 22, 15:
stips non dicitur in significatione trunci,
Charis. 1, 18, 39:
semper in significatione ea hortus,
Plin. 19, 4, 19, § 50. —
2.
In with abl. of adjj. is used with the verbs esse and habere to express quality:
cum exitus haud in facili essent, i. e. haud faciles,
Liv. 3, 8, 9:
adeo moderatio tuendae libertatis in difficili est,
id. 3, 8, 11; 3, 65, 11; but mostly with adjj. of the first and second declension:
in obscuro esse, Liv. praef. § 3: in dubio esse,
id. 2, 3, 1; 3, 19, 8; Ov. H. 19, 174:
dum in dubiost animus,
Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; 2, 2, 10:
in integro esse,
Cic. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 11, 15, 4:
in incerto esse,
Liv. 5, 28, 5:
in obvio esse,
id. 37, 23, 1:
in tuto esse,
id. 38, 4, 10; cf.:
videre te in tuto,
Cat. 30, 6:
in aequo esse,
Liv. 39, 37, 14; Tac. A. 2, 44:
in expedito esse,
Curt. 4, 2, 22:
in proximo esse,
Quint. 1, 3, 4:
in aperto esse,
Sall. C. 5, 3:
in promisco esse,
Liv. 7, 17, 7:
in augusto esse,
Cels. 5, 27, 2:
in incerto haberi,
Sall. J. 46, 8; Tac. A. 15, 17:
in levi habitum,
id. H. 2, 21; cf.:
in incerto relinquere,
Liv. 5, 28, 5; Tac. H. 2, 83.
II.
With acc.
A.
In space, with verbs of motion, into or to a place or thing (rarely with names of towns and small islands;
v. Zumpt, Gram. § 398): influxit non tenuis quidam e Graecia rivulus in hanc urbem,
Cic. Rep. 2, 19:
in Ephesum advenit,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 1, 35:
in Epirum venire,
Cic. Att. 13, 25, 3:
ibo in Piraeeum, visamque, ecquae advenerit in portum ex Epheso navis mercatoria,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 2: venio ad Piraeea, in quo magis reprehendendus sum, quod... Piraeea scripserim, non Piraeeum, quam in quod addiderim;
non enim hoc ut oppido praeposui, sed ut loco,
Cic. Att. 7, 3, 10:
se contulisse Tarquinios, in urbem Etruriae florentissimam,
id. Rep. 2, 19:
remigrare in domum veterem e nova,
id. Ac. 1, 4, 13:
cum in sua rura venerunt,
id. Tusc. 5, 35, 102:
a te ipso missi in ultimas gentes,
id. Fam. 15, 9:
in Ubios legatos mittere,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11:
dein Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum et opulentum,
Sall. J. 75, 1:
Regillum antiquam in patriam se contulerat,
Liv. 3, 58, 1:
abire in exercitum,
Plaut. Am. prol. 102.— With nuntio:
cum id Zmyrnam in contionem nuntiatum est,
Tac. A. 4, 56:
nuntiatur in castra,
Lact. Most. Pers. 46; cf.:
allatis in castra nuntiis,
Tac. H. 4, 32: in manus sumere, tradere, etc., into one's hands:
iste unumquodque vas in manus sumere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27, § 63:
Falerios se in manus Romanis tradidisse,
Liv. 5, 27, 3.—Rarely with the verbs ponere, collocare, etc. (pregn., i. e. to bring into... and place there):
in crimen populo ponere,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 10:
ut liberos, uxores suaque omnia in silvas deponerent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 19:
duplam pecuniam in thesauros reponi,
Liv. 29, 19, 7:
prius me collocavi in arborem,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 8, 6:
sororem et propinquas suas nuptum in alias civitates collocasse,
Caes. B. G. 1, 18.— Motion in any direction, up to, to, into, down to:
in caelum ascendere,
Cic. Lael. 23 fin.:
filium ipse paene in umeros suos extulisset,
id. de Or. 1, 53, 228:
tamquam in aram confugitis ad deum,
up to the altar, id. Tusc. 3, 10, 25:
Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso,
Ov. M. 1, 113:
in flumen deicere,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Nep. Chab. 4, 3.—
2.
Denoting mere direction towards a place or thing, and hence sometimes joined with versus, towards:
quid nunc supina sursum in caelum conspicis,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 78:
si in latus aut dextrum aut sinistrum, ut ipsi in usu est, cubat,
Cels. 2, 3:
Belgae spectant in septentriones et orientem solem,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:
in orientem Germaniae, in occidentem Hispaniae obtenditur, Gallis in meridiem etiam inspicitur,
Tac. Agr. 10:
in laevum prona nixus sedet Inachus urna,
Stat. Th. 2, 218.—With versus:
castra ex Biturigibus movet in Arvernos versus,
towards, Caes. B. G. 7, 8 fin.:
in Galliam versus movere,
Sall. C. 56, 4: in [p. 913] ltaliam versus, Front. Strat. 1, 4, 11:
si in urbem versus venturi erant,
Plin. Ep. 10, 82. —
3.
So of that which is thought of as entering into the mind, memory, etc. (cf. I. A. 2. fin.):
in memoriam reducere,
Cic. Inv 1, 52, 98:
in animum inducere,
Liv. 27, 9:
in mentem venire,
Cic. Fam. 7, 3:
frequens imitatio transit in mores,
Quint. 1, 11, 3. —
Or into a writing or speech: in illam Metellinam orationem addidi quaedam,
Cic. Att. 1, 13, 5.—
B.
In time, into, till, for:
dormiet in lucem,
into the daylight, till broad day, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 34:
statim e somno, quem plerumque in diem extrahunt, lavantur,
Tac. G. 22: sermonem in multam noctem produximus, deep into the night, Cic. Rep. Fragm. ap. Arus. Mess. p. 239 Lindem.:
in multam noctem luxit,
Suet. Tib. 74:
si febris in noctem augetur,
Cels. 7, 27:
dixit in noctem atque etiam nocte illatis lucernis,
Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 14:
indutias in triginta annos impetraverunt,
for thirty years, Liv. 9, 37, 12; 7, 20, 8:
nisi id verbum in omne tempus perdidissem,
forever, Cic. Fam. 5, 15, 1:
ad cenam hominem in hortos invitavit in posterum diem,
for the following day, id. Off. 3, 14, 58:
audistis auctionem constitutam in mensem Januarium,
id. Agr. 1, 2, 4:
subito reliquit annum suum seque in annum proximum transtulit,
id. Mil. 9, 24:
solis defectiones itemque lunae praedicuntur in multos annos,
for many years, id. Div. 2, 6, 17:
postero die Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie,
Liv. 27, 2:
qui ab matutino tempore duraverunt in occasum,
Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99:
seritur (semen lini) a Kalendis Octobribus in ortum aquilae,
Col. 2, 10, 17.—With usque:
neque illi didicerunt haec usque in senectutem,
Quint. 12, 11, 20:
in illum usque diem servati,
id. 8, 3, 68:
in serum usque patente cubiculo,
Suet. Oth. 11:
regnum trahat usque in tempora fati,
Sil. 11, 392: in posterum (posteritatem) or in futurum, in future, for the future: in praesens, for the present: in perpetuum or in aeternum, forever:
sancit in posterum, ne quis, etc.,
Cic. Cat. 4, 5, 10:
res dilata est in posterum,
id. Fam. 10, 12, 3:
video quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens, at in posteritatem impendeat,
id. Cat. 1, 9, 22:
id aegre et in praesentia hi passi et in futurum etiam metum ceperunt,
Liv. 34, 27, 10; cf.:
ingenti omnium et in praesens laetitia et in futurum spe,
id. 30, 17, 1:
effugis in futurum,
Tac. H. 1, 71:
quod eum tibi quaestoris in loco constitueras, idcirco tibi amicum in perpetuum fore putasti?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30; cf.:
oppidum omni periculo in perpetuum liberavit,
id. Fam. 13, 4, 2:
quae (leges) non in tempus aliquod, sed perpetuae utilitatis causa in aeternum latae sunt,
Liv. 34, 6, 4: in tempus, for a while, for a short time, for the occasion (postAug.):
sensit miles in tempus conficta,
Tac. A. 1, 37:
ne urbs sine imperio esset, in tempus deligebatur, qui jus redderet,
id. ib. 6, 11:
scaena in tempus structa,
id. ib. 14, 20. —So in diem, for the day, to meet the day's want:
nihil ex raptis in diem commeatibus superabat,
Liv. 22, 40, 8:
rapto in diem frumento,
id. 4, 10, 1;
but, cum illa fundum emisset in diem,
i. e. a fixed day of payment, Nep. Att. 9, 5: in singulos dies, or simply in dies, with comparatives and verbs denoting increase, from day to day, daily:
vitium in dies crescit,
Vell. 2, 5, 2:
in dies singulos breviores litteras ad te mitto,
Cic. Att. 5, 7:
qui senescat in dies,
Liv. 22, 39, 15: in diem, daily:
nos in diem vivimus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 33:
in diem et horam,
Hor. S. 2, 6, 47;
and in horas,
hourly, id. C. 2, 13, 14; id. S. 2, 7, 10.—
C.
In other relations, in which an aiming at, an inclining or striving towards a thing, is conceivable, on, about, respecting; towards, against; for, as; in, to; into:
id, quod apud Platonem est in philosophos dictum,
about the philosophers, Cic. Off. 1, 9, 28:
Callimachi epigramma in Ambraciotam Cleombrotum est,
id. Tusc. 1, 34, 84; cf.:
cum cenaret Simonides apud Scopam cecinissetque id car men, quod in eum scripsisset, etc.,
id. de Or. 2, 86, 352:
quo amore tandem inflammati esse debemus in ejus modi patriam,
towards, id. ib. 1, 44, 196:
in liberos nostros indulgentia,
id. ib. 2, 40, 168:
de suis meritis in rem publicam aggressus est dicere,
id. Or. 38, 133: ita ad impietatem in deos, in homines adjunxit injuriam, against, id. N. D. 3, 34 fin.:
in dominum quaeri,
to be examined as a witness against, id. Mil. 22, 60:
in eos impetum facere,
id. Att. 2, 22, 1:
invehi in Thebanos,
Nep. Epam. 6, 1; id. Tim. 5, 3:
quaecumque est hominis definitio, una in omnes valet,
id. Leg. 1, 10, 29:
num etiam in deos immortales inauspicatam legem valuisse?
Liv. 7, 6, 11:
vereor coram in os te laudare amplius,
to your face, Ter. Ad. 2, 4, 5:
si in me exerciturus (pugnos), quaeso, in parietem ut primum domes,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 168:
in puppim rediere rates,
Luc. 3, 545 Burm. (cf.:
sic equi dicuntur in frena redire, pulsi in terga recedere, Sulp. ad loc.): Cumis eam vidi: venerat enim in funus: cui funeri ego quoque operam dedi,
to the funeral, to take charge of the funeral, Cic. Att. 15, 1, B:
se quisque eum optabat, quem fortuna in id certamen legeret,
Liv. 21, 42, 2:
quodsi in nullius mercedem negotia eant, pauciora fore,
Tac. A. 11, 6:
haec civitas mulieri redimiculum praebeat, haec in collum, haec in crines,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 33:
Rhegium quondam in praesidium missa legio,
Liv. 28, 28; so,
datae in praesidium cohortes,
Tac. H. 4, 35: hoc idem significat Graecus ille in eam sententiam versus, to this effect or purport, Cic. Div. 2, 10, 25; cf. id. Fam. 9, 15, 4:
haec et in eam sententiam cum multa dixisset,
id. Att. 2, 22:
qui omnia sic exaequaverunt, ut in utramque partem ita paria redderent, uti nulla selectione uterentur,
id. Fin. 3, 4, 12:
in utramque partem disputat,
on both sides, for and against, id. Off. 3, 23, 89: te rogo, me tibi in omnes partes defendendum putes, Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 10 fin.:
facillime et in optimam partem cognoscuntur adulescentes, qui se ad claros et sapientes viros contulerunt,
id. Off. 2, 13, 46:
cives Romani servilem in modum cruciati et necati,
in the manner of slaves, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13; cf.:
miserandum in modum milites populi Romani capti, necati sunt,
id. Prov. Cons. 3, 5:
senior quidam Veiens vaticinantis in modum cecinit,
Liv. 5, 15, 4;
also: domus et villae in urbium modum aedificatae,
Sall. C. 12, 3:
perinde ac si in hanc formulam omnia judicia legitima sint,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 5, 15:
judicium quin acciperet in ea ipsa verba quae Naevius edebat, non recusasse,
id. Quint. 20, 63; cf.:
senatusconsultum in haec verba factum,
Liv. 30, 43, 9:
pax data Philippo in has leges est,
id. 33, 30:
Gallia omnis divisa est in partes tres,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1; cf.:
quae quidem in confirmationem et reprehensionem dividuntur,
Cic. Part. Or. 9, 33: describebat censores binos in singulas civitates, i. e. for or over each state, id. Verr. 2, 2, 53; cf. id. ib. 2, 4, 26:
itaque Titurium Tolosae quaternos denarios in singulas vini amphoras portorii nomine exegisse,
id. Font. 5, 9:
extulit eum plebs sextantibus collatis in capita,
a head, for each person, Liv. 2, 33 fin.:
Macedonibus treceni nummi in capita statutum est pretium,
id. 32, 17, 2; cf.:
Thracia in Rhoemetalcen filium... inque liberos Cotyis dividitur (i. e. inter),
Tac. A. 2, 67.—
2.
Of the object or end in view, regarded also as the motive of action or effect:
non te in me illiberalem, sed me in se neglegentem putabit,
Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 16:
neglegentior in patrem,
Just. 32, 3, 1:
in quem omnes intenderat curas,
Curt. 3, 1, 21:
quos ardere in proelia vidi,
Verg. A. 2, 347:
in bellum ardentes,
Manil. 4, 220:
nutante in fugam exercitu,
Flor. 3, 10, 4:
in hanc tam opimam mercedem agite ( = ut eam vobis paretis, Weissenb. ad loc.),
Liv. 21, 43, 7:
certa praemia, in quorum spem pugnarent,
id. 21, 45, 4:
in id sors dejecta,
id. 21, 42, 2:
in id fide accepta,
id. 28, 17, 9:
in spem pacis solutis animis,
id. 6, 11, 5 et saep.:
ingrata misero vita ducenda est in hoc, ut, etc.,
Hor. Epod. 17, 63:
nec in hoc adhibetur, ut, etc.,
Sen. Ep. 16, 3:
alius non in hoc, ut offenderet, facit, id. de Ira, 2, 26, 3: in quod tum missi?
Just. 38, 3, 4.—So, like ad, with words expressing affections or inclination of the mind:
in obsequium plus aequo pronus,
Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 10:
paratus in res novas,
Tac. H. 4, 32:
in utrumque paratus,
Verg. A. 2, 61.—
3.
Of the result of an act or effort:
denique in familiae luctum atque in privignorum funus nupsit,
Cic. Clu. 66, 188:
paratusque miles, ut ordo agminis in aciem adsisteret,
Tac. A. 2, 16: excisum Euboicae latus ingens rupis in antrum, Verg. A. 6, 42:
portus ab Euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum,
id. ib. 3, 533:
populum in obsequia principum formavit,
Just. 3, 2, 9:
omnium partium decus in mercedem conruptum erat,
Sall. H. 1, 13 Dietsch:
commutari ex veris in falsa,
Cic. Fat. 9, 17; 9, 18:
in sollicitudinem versa fiducia est,
Curt. 3, 8, 20.—
4.
Esp. in the phrase: in gratiam or in honorem, alicujus, in kindness, to show favor, out of good feeling, to show honor, etc., to any one (first in Liv.; cf. Weissenb. ad Liv. 28, 21, 4;
Krebs, Antibarb. p. 562): in gratiam levium sociorum injuriam facere,
Liv. 39, 26, 12:
pugnaturi in gratiam ducis,
id. 28, 21, 4:
quorum in gratiam Saguntum deleverat Hannibal,
id. 28, 39, 13; cf. id. 35, 2, 6; 26, 6, 16:
oratio habita in sexus honorem,
Quint. 1, 1, 6:
convivium in honorem victoriae,
id. 11, 2, 12:
in honorem Quadratillae,
Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 7:
in honorem tuum,
Sen. Ep. 20, 7; 79, 2; 92, 1; Vell. 2, 41 al.—
5.
In the phrase, in rem esse, to be useful, to avail (cf.: e re esse;
opp.: contra rem esse): ut aequom est, quod in rem esse utrique arbitremur,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 10:
si in rem est Bacchidis,
Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 27; 2, 2, 7:
hortatur, imperat, quae in rem sunt,
Liv. 26, 44, 7:
cetera, quae cognosse in rem erat,
id. 22, 3, 2; 44, 19, 3:
in rem fore credens universos adpellare,
Sall. C. 20, 1; cf.:
in duas res magnas id usui fore,
Liv. 37, 15, 7:
in hos usus,
Verg. A. 4, 647.—
6.
To form adverbial expressions:
non nominatim, qui Capuae, sed in universum qui usquam coissent, etc.,
in general, Liv. 9, 26, 8; cf.:
terra etsi aliquanto specie differt, in universum tamen aut silvis horrida aut paludibus foeda,
Tac. G. 5:
in universum aestimanti, etc.,
id. ib. 6:
aestate in totum, si fieri potest, abstinendum est (Venere),
wholly, entirely, Cels. 1, 3 fin.; cf. Col. 2, 1, 2:
in plenum dici potest, etc.,
fully, Plin. 16, 40, 79, § 217:
Marii virtutem in majus celebrare,
beyond due bounds, Sall. J. 73, 5:
aliter se corpus habere atque consuevit, neque in pejus tantum, sed etiam in melius,
for the worse, for the better, Cels. 2, 2:
in deterius,
Tac. A. 14, 43:
in mollius,
id. ib. 14, 39:
quid enim est iracundia in supervacuum tumultuante frigidius? Sen. de Ira, 2, 11: civitas saepta muris neque in barbarum corrupta (v. barbarus),
Tac. A. 6, 42; cf.:
aucto in barbarum cognomento,
id. H. 5, 2:
priusquam id sors cerneret, in incertum, ne quid gratia momenti faceret, in utramque provinciam decerni,
while the matter was uncertain, Liv. 43, 12, 2:
nec puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos In tantum spe tollet avos,
so much, Verg. A. 6, 876:
in tantum suam felicitatem virtutemque enituisse,
Liv. 22, 27, 4; cf.:
quaedam (aquae) fervent in tantum, ut non possint esse usui,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 24:
viri in tantum boni, in quantum humana simplicitas intellegi potest,
Vell. 2, 43, 4:
quippe pedum digitos, in quantum quaeque secuta est, Traxit,
Ov. M. 11, 71:
meliore in omnia ingenio animoque quam fortuna usus,
in all respects, Vell. 2, 13:
ut simul in omnia paremur,
Quint. 11, 3, 25:
in antecessum dare,
beforehand, Sen. Ep. 118.—
7.
Sometimes with esse, habere, etc., in is followed by the acc. (constr. pregn.), to indicate a direction, aim, purpose, etc. (but v. Madvig. Gram. § 230, obs. 2, note, who regards these accusatives as originating in errors of pronunciation); so, esse in potestatem alicujus, to come into and remain in one ' s power: esse in mentem alicui, to come into and be in one ' s mind: esse in conspectum, to appear to and be in sight: esse in usum, to come into use, be used, etc.:
quod, qui illam partem urbis tenerent, in eorum potestatem portum futurum intellegebant,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 38:
ut portus in potestatem Locrensium esset,
Liv. 24, 1, 13; 2, 14, 4:
eam optimam rem publicam esse duco, quae sit in potestatem optimorum,
Cic. Leg. 3, 17:
neque enim sunt motus in nostram potestatem,
Quint. 6, 2, 29:
numero mihi in mentem fuit,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 25; cf.:
ecquid in mentem est tibi?
id. Bacch. 1, 2, 53:
nec prius surrexisse ac militibus in conspectum fuisse, quam, etc.,
Suet. Aug. 16:
quod satis in usum fuit, sublato, ceterum omne incensum est,
Liv. 22, 20, 6: ab hospitibus clientibusque suis, ab exteris nationibus, quae in amicitiam populi Romani dicionemque essent, injurias propulsare, Cic. Div. ap. Caecil. 20, 66: adesse in senatum [p. 914] jussit a. d. XIII. Kal. Octobr., id. Phil. 5, 7, 19.—Less freq. with habere: facito in memoriam habeas tuam majorem filiam mihi te despondisse, call or bring to mind, Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 108:
M. Minucium magistrum equitum, ne quid rei bellicae gereret, prope in custodiam habitum,
put in prison, kept in prison, Liv. 22, 25, 6:
reliquos in custodiam habitos,
Tac. H. 1, 87.—So rarely with other verbs:
pollicetur se provinciam Galliam retenturum in senatus populique Romani potestatem,
Cic. Phil. 3, 4, 8. —
III.
In composition, n regularly becomes assimilated to a foll. l, m, or r, and is changed before the labials into m: illabor, immitto, irrumpo, imbibo, impello.—As to its meaning, according as it is connected with a verb of rest or motion, it conveys the idea of existence in a place or thing, or of motion, direction, or inclination into or to a place or thing: inesse; inhibere, inferre, impellere, etc. See Hand, Turs. III. pp. 243- 356.
2.
in (before b and p, im; before l, m, and r, the n assimilates itself to these consonants), an inseparable particle [kindred with Sanscr. a-, an-; Gr. a-, an; Goth. and Germ. un-], which negatives the meaning of the noun or participle with which it is connected; Engl. un-, in-, not: impar, unequal: intolerabilis, unbearable, intolerable: immitis, not mild, rude, etc.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > in
19 good

1. n добро, благо

good and evil — добро и зло

god is good — Бог благ

did good — сделал добро

done good — делал добро

good morning — доброе утро

doing good — делающий добро

2. n польза

to do good — быть полезным, приносить пользу

that will do more harm than good — это принесёт больше вреда, чем пользы

it will do you good to spend a week in the country — неделя в деревне пойдёт вам на пользу, вам будет полезно провести неделю в деревне

an influence for good — благотворное влияние

for the public good — на общее благо

what good will it do? — что пользы в этом?

what is the good of it? — какой в этом смысл?; что в этом толку?

what good will that do you?, what good will it be to you? — зачем вам это?, какой вам смысл делать это?

a lot of good that will do you! — напрасно вы это затеваете; от этого толку не будет

to come to good — дать хороший результат

to come to no good — плохо кончить

he will come to no good — для него это добром не кончится; он плохо кончит

do good — приносить пользу

ultimate good — максимальная польза

to good purpose — с большим успехом; с большой пользой

3. n добрые люди

the good and the bad — добрые и злые

to be 500 dollars to the good — получить 500 долларов прибыли

for good — навсегда, окончательно

to settle down for good — осесть окончательно

the Good Shepherd — пастырь добрый

good will mission — визит доброй воли

with good intent — с добрым намерением

good faith deposit — депозит доброй воли

envoys of good will — посланцы доброй воли

4. a хороший

good house — хороший дом

good play — хорошая пьеса

good manners — хорошие манеры

good soil — хорошая земля

good humour — хорошее настроение

of good family — из хорошей семьи

good breeding — хорошее воспитание, хорошие манеры

in good English — на хорошем английском языке, безупречным английским языком

very good! — прекрасно!, отлично!, замечательно!

good luck! — желаю удачи!

good points — хорошие стати, хороший экстерьер

Good Conduct Badge — значок за безупречную службу

to feel good — хорошо себя чувствовать

to have a good time — хорошо провести время, здорово повеселиться

to have a good night — хорошо спать

to bring good news — приносить хорошие новости

good job — хорошая работа

no good — ничего хорошего

good dream — хороший сон

good kind — хороший сорт

good start — хороший старт

5. a приятный, хороший

good looks — приятная внешность

to be a good golfer — хорошо играть в гольф

uncommon good beer — чертовски хорошее пиво

be on good terms — быть в хороших отношениях

good shot at golf — хороший игрок в гольф

good crop prospects — хорошие виды на урожай

6. a выгодный; удобный

good marriage — выгодный брак

good through — годный до

good bargain — выгодная сделка

a good racket — выгодное дельце

good berth — выгодная должность

a good pennyworth — выгодная сделка

7. a имеющий хорошую репутацию; хороший

to live at a good address — жить в фешенебельном квартале

tobacco of good burning quality — табак с хорошей горючестью

she has a feel for good poetry — она чувствует хорошие стихи

it is rather good than bad — это скорее хороший, чем плохой

a room with good ventilation — комната с хорошей вентиляцией

a good Jack makes a good Jill — у хорошего мужа хорошая жена

8. a высокий, важный

people of a good position — люди, занимающие высокое положение

not very good — неважный

good workmanship — высокое качество работ

none so good — вовсе не хороший, неважный

good beef — говядина выше средней категории

it matters a good deal to me — для меня это очень важно

9. a полезный

medicine good for a headache — лекарство, хорошо помогающее от головной боли

oil is good for burns — ожоги хорошо смазывать маслом

meat is not good for you — мясо вам вредно

he drinks more than is good for him — он чересчур много пьёт; он пьёт во вред здоровью

good time — полезное время

10. a годный

are acorns good to eat? — жёлуди употребляют в пищу?

this water is good to drink — эта вода вполне пригодна для питья

be good money — выгодный; выгодно помещенные деньги

partially good chip — частично годный кристалл

11. a умелый, искусный, хороший

good workman — искусный ремесленник

good scholar — серьёзный учёный

good swimmer — хороший пловец

to be a good skater — хорошо кататься на коньках

to be a good dancer — быть хорошим танцором, хорошо танцевать

workmanship good — хорошее качество работы

good holding ground — хорошо держащий грунт

good quality beam — пучок хорошей геометрии

good wheat land — хорошая почва для пшеницы

having a good chance — имеющий хороший шанс

12. a подходящий; отвечающий цели, назначению; соответствующий

good mother — хорошая мать

a good man for the work — человек, подходящий для данной работы

a good light for reading — свет, удобный для чтения

to take a good aim — метко стрелять, точно попадать в цель

making good on agoal — достижение цели

make good on agoal — достигать цель

13. a добрый, доброжелательный

good works — добрые дела

good nature — добродушие

good feeling — симпатия

good neighbourship — добрососедские отношения

good motive — доброе побуждение

Good Hope — — мыс Доброй Надежды

good will visit — визит доброй воли

the good old times — добрые старые времена

to bid good morning — пожелать доброго утра

14. a благоприятный, положительный

have a good press — получить благоприятные отзывы в печати

good inheritance — благоприятная наследственность

15. a добродетельный; чистый

good Christian — добрый христианин

good citizen — лояльный гражданин

16. a воспитанный, послушный

good child — послушный ребёнок

to have good manners — быть воспитанным

17. a милый, любезный, добрый

be good enough to … — будьте так любезны …

good wishes — добрые пожелания

good enough — достаточно любезный

with a good grace — охотно, любезно

good tidings — хорошие новости, добрые вести

good faith letter — письмо в духе доброй воли

18. a свежий, неиспорченный; доброкачественный

good food — доброкачественная пища

turning out good food — приготовление доброкачественной пищи

turned out good food — приготовил доброкачественную пищу

19. a настоящий, неподдельный

good money — настоящие деньги

good trencher-man — настоящий гурман или обжора

20. a надёжный; кредитоспособный

good man — кредитоспособный человек

21. a здоровый, хороший

good sight — хорошее зрение

he is a good penman — у него хороший почерк

good geometry beam — пучок хорошей геометрии

in good fix — в порядке, в хорошем состоянии

make good weather — хорошо выдерживать шторм

on good securities — под хорошее обеспечение

22. a способный, в состоянии

he is good for some years more — он проживёт ещё несколько лет

have good reason — иметь все основания

in good repair — в хорошем состоянии

in good repair — в исправном состоянии

I wish you good luck — желаю вам удачи

good working condition — исправное состояние

23. a действительный; действующий

the ticket is good for two months — билет действителен в течение двух месяцев

good till month order — приказ, действующий в течение месяца

good this month order — приказ, действующий в течение месяца

good till week order — приказ, действующий в течение недели

good right — юридически действительное право

speed made good — действительная скорость

24. a основательный; оправданный; справедливый; законный

good excuse — основательная причина

good claim — справедливое притязание

to stand good — оставаться в силе

good title — законный титул

a good clean — основательная уборка

to have a good tuck-in — основательно подзакусить

25. a достаточный; обильный, изрядный

a good round sum — кругленькая сумма

a good few — немало

a good while — довольно долго

a good deal — много, значительное количество

I have a good many books — у меня много книг

a good half hour — добрых полчаса

a good part of the day — значительная часть дня

a good share of the work — значительная часть работы

a good piece of cake — изрядный кусок пирога

to walk a good three miles — пройти добрых три мили

to have a good laugh — хорошенько посмеяться

to earn good money — неплохо заработать

to come in a good third — занять почётное третье добрый, милый

my good friend — мой добрый друг

my good man — мой дорогой

a good bit — изрядно, много

good ground — достаточное основание

26. a эмоц. -усил. сильный, большой, крепкий; как следует

good hard work — тяжёлая работа

good thrashing — здоровая трёпка

good blow — сильный удар

good bruise — большой синяк

a good strong dose — изрядная доза

good cast — сильный состав

good number — большое количество

good and hungry — голодный как волк

good many — многие; большое количество

made good track — точно следовал курсу

27. a хорошо

good night — доброй ночи

the Good Book — библия; священное писание

good God!, good gosh!, good gracious! — господи!, боже мой!, боже правый!

good grief! — чёрт возьми!; ну и ну!

good old John ! — браво, Джон !

good Lord, deliver us! — господи, спаси и помилуй!

all in good time — всё в своё время

good sport — славный парень

the good people — эльфы, феи

in good faith

to fulfil in good faith — добросовестно выполнять

as good as — почти; всё равно что

he is as good as dead — он уже не жилец на свете

he has as good as got the job — это место у него в кармане; считай, что он уже получил эту работу

as good as a feast — вполне достаточно

as good as pie — очень хороший, симпатичный; благонравный, паинька

as good as wheat — очень хорошо, подходяще

as good as a play — очень интересно, забавно

his word is as good as his bond — он никогда не нарушает обещаний, он всегда держит своё слово

his example is as good as his sermon — у него слово не расходится с делом

too good to be true — так хорошо, что не верится; невероятно, не может быть

to have a good mind to … — намереваться, собираться

to make good the ground — закрепляться на местности

jolly good — очень хорошо

good goer — хороший ходок

good oar — хороший гребец

good table — хороший стол

good sign — хороший признак

Синонимический ряд:

1. admirable (adj.) admirable; capital; exceptional; precious; satisfactory; valuable

2. advantageous (adj.) advantageous; auspicious; benefic; beneficial; benignant; brave; favoring; favourable; fortunate; gainful; helpful; lucrative; moneymaking; paying; profitable; promising; propitious; remunerative; serviceable; toward; useful; well-paying; worthwhile

3. appropriate (adj.) appropriate; befitting; convenient; expedient; fit; fitting; meet; proper; suitable; tailor-made; useful

4. big (adj.) altruistic; benevolent; benign; big; charitable; chivalrous; eleemosynary; humane; humanitarian; kind-hearted; philanthropic

5. blameless (adj.) blameless; exemplary; guiltless; inculpable; innocent; irreprehensible; irreproachable; lily-white; moral; righteous; unblamable; upright; virtuous

6. choice (adj.) choice; excellent; quality; superior

7. clever (adj.) clever; scintillating; smart; sprightly

8. commendable (adj.) commendable; favorable; flattering

9. conscientious (adj.) conscientious; dependable

10. considerable (adj.) considerable; great; immeasurable; large; sensible; sizable

11. considerate (adj.) considerate; generous

12. decent (adj.) acceptable; adequate; all of; all right; ample; common; decent; full; right; sufficient; tolerable; unexceptionable; unexceptional; unimpeachable; unobjectionable

13. delicious (adj.) delicious; flavorful; tasty

14. genial (adj.) agreeable; cheering; enjoyable; genial; satisfying

15. healthful (adj.) healthful; hygienic; salubrious; salutary; salutiferous; wholesome

16. healthy (adj.) healthy; sound; vigorous

17. honest (adj.) honest; just; pure

18. honorable (adj.) honorable; noble; respectable

19. kind (adj.) beneficent; friendly; kind; kindly; obliging; well-disposed

20. obedient (adj.) decorous; dutiful; heedful; obedient; tractable; well-behaved

21. pleasant (adj.) congenial; grateful; gratifying; nice; pleasant; pleasing; pleasurable; pleasureful; welcome

22. real (adj.) authentic; genuine; original; real; true; undoubted; unquestionable; valid

23. reliable (adj.) loyal; reliable; trustworthy

24. safe (adj.) safe; solid; stable

25. skillful (adj.) able; adept; adroit; au fait; capable; competent; dexterous; efficient; pretty; proficient; qualified; skilful; skilled; skillful; wicked; workmanlike; workmanly

26. well-founded (adj.) cogent; justified; well-founded; well-grounded

27. whole (adj.) complete; entire; flawless; intact; perfect; round; unbroken; undamaged; unhurt; unimpaired; uninjured; unmarred; untouched; whole

28. worthy (adj.) deserving; fair; honourable; immaculate; unblemished; unsullied; worthy

29. advantage (noun) advantage; asset; benediction; benefit; blessing; boon; gain; godsend; interest; profit; prosperity; usefulness; utility; weal; welfare; well-being; worth

30. kindness (noun) excellence; kindness; merit; righteousness

31. right (noun) right; straight

32. virtue (noun) goodness; morality; probity; purity; rectitude; rightness; uprightness; virtue; virtuousness

Антонимический ряд:

abominable; bad; base; bland; calamity; contemptible; corrupt; counterfeit; curse; debased; defective; depraved; detestable; detriment; disadvantage; disagreeable; disgraceful; fickle; harm; ill; improper; incompetent; inferior; irresponsible; naughty; notorious; uncomplimentary; unstable

English-Russian base dictionary > good

См. также в других словарях:

Mixed motive discrimination — is a category of discrimination under the Title VII. Where the plaintiff has shown intentional discrimination in a mixed motive case, the defendant can still avoid liability for money damages by demonstrating by a preponderance of the evidence… … Wikipedia
Charity and Charities — • In its widest and highest sense, charity includes love of God as well as love of man Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Charity and Charities Charity and Charities … Catholic encyclopedia
Ethics — • Many writers regard ethics as any scientific treatment of the moral order and divide it into theological, or Christian, ethics (moral theology) and philosophical ethics (moral philosophy) Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Ethics … Catholic encyclopedia
Honour — • May be defined as the deferential recognition by word or sign of another s worth or station Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Honour Honour … Catholic encyclopedia
Corporal and Spiritual Works of Mercy — Corporal and Spiritual Works of Mercy † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Corporal and Spiritual Works of Mercy Mercy as it is here contemplated is said to be a virtue influencing one s will to have compassion for, and, if possible, to… … Catholic encyclopedia
Amovibility — • A term applied to the condition of certain ecclesiastics in regard to their benefices or offices Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Amovibility Amovibility … Catholic encyclopedia
justa causa — (Civil law.) A just cause; a lawful or proper motive; a lawful claim. See Mackeldey s Roman Law § 283 … Ballentine's law dictionary
ancient Greek civilization — ▪ historical region, Eurasia Introduction the period following Mycenaean civilization, which ended in about 1200 BC, to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC. It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific… … Universalium
Good — • The moral good (bonum honestum) consists in the due ordering of free action or conduct according to the norm of reason, the highest faculty, to which it is to conform Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Good Good … Catholic encyclopedia
Europe, history of — Introduction history of European peoples and cultures from prehistoric times to the present. Europe is a more ambiguous term than most geographic expressions. Its etymology is doubtful, as is the physical extent of the area it designates.… … Universalium
international relations — a branch of political science dealing with the relations between nations. [1970 75] * * * Study of the relations of states with each other and with international organizations and certain subnational entities (e.g., bureaucracies and political… … Universalium

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proper motive

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proper motive

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